We measure stable isotopes in air and ice to better understand the Earth's climate systems. We excel at measurements of δ13C and δ18O in atmospheric carbon dioxide, δ13C of atmospheric methane and local sources of elevated methane, and δ2H and δ18O in water from ice cores as well as in environmental waters. Read more about our research below!
Bruce Vaughn
Lab manager
Tyler Jones
Faculty fellow
Bradley Markle
Faculty fellow
Pieter Tans
Faculty fellow emeritus
Kerstin Braun
Research staff
Reid Clark
Research staff
Valerie Morris
Research staff
John Ortega
Research staff
Brooke Chase
Grad student
Taline Leon
Research assistant
Paloma Siegel
Research assistant
- Chloe Brashear, lab technician 2023
- Hayley Bennett, MS 2023
- Alyssa Johnson, lab technician 2021
- Abigail Thayer, PhD 2021
- Seth Kurtz, lab technician 2021
- William Skorski, MS 2020
- Daniela Meza Acosta, undergrad 2021
- Soisiri Chanin, undergrad 2021
- Lauren Eng, undergrad 2020
- Isaac Vimont, PhD 2017
- Karen Alley, PhD 2017
- Amy Steiker, MS 2018
- Caroline Alden, PhD 2013
- Emily Longano, undergrad 2013
- Jason Winokur, lab technician 2013
Panorama of the INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab
Contact us
Come visit! We are in the southeast corner of SEEC (Sustainability, Energy, and Environment Complex) at 4001 Discovery Dr.
Or call! 303-492-5495
We provide analytical services to scientists and institutions around the world. Find more info below.
Our team
We're a dedicated crew from different scientific backgrounds and experiences, but with common purpose: to understand the Earth's climate system, the carbon cycle, and global change. We work together in the lab and in the field in our shared mission. We also try to have some fun!
Some current and past SIL team members, from left to right: Bruce Vaughn, Brad Markle, Sylvia Michel, Valerie Morris, Reid Clark, Chloe Brashear, Seth Kurtz, Kevin Rozmiarek
Current and past members of the greenhouse gas team: Reid Clark, Chloe Brashear, Taline Leon, Sylvia Michel, John Ortega
SIL folk take a tour of Niwot Ridge, above INSTAAR's Mountain Research Station.
Blog headlines
- Welcome Kerstin!
- Alaska NNA team update
- A send-off for Chloe!
- An isotope introduction
See our blog >
Are you interested in being a SIL team member?
Research
Stable isotopes are a unique tool because they indicate, record, integrate, and trace processes in the global environment. The INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab partners with researchers from a variety of academic institutions and governmental agencies worldwide in interdisciplinary research into Earth systems.
Rachel Edie changes gas flasks out on Spock, a mass spectrometer that measures stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in atmospheric CO2 from the NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory's Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network. Photo by Ethan Welty.
Earth's climate is changing due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The most important of these is carbon dioxide - and yet we don't fully understand fluxes of CO2 between the biosphere, the atmosphere, and the ocean. Stable isotopes are very useful for understanding these exchange processes because of fractionation: different isotopes of CO2 move between these different pools at different rates. For instance, because plants strongly discriminate against the heavy isotope of CO2, we can use δ13C-CO2 (the 'isotope delta' value) to estimate ocean versus land uptake of carbon dioxide.(Learn more about why isotopes are useful for understanding sources and sinks of carbon!)
The INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab (SIL) has collaborated with the NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory since 1990. This involves measuring δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2 from flasks and programmable flask packages from the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network. We proudly maintain the largest dataset of stable isotopes in the world. You can play around with data here. We will be updating our CO2 isotope data soon! Contact Sylvia Michel for more information.
Reid works on Troi, the IRMS used for measuring carbon isotopes of methane.
Methane is also a very important greenhouse gas, and the atmospheric burden of methane is increasing rapidly for reasons we don't fully understand. Because sources of methane have different isotopic signatures, we can use δ13C-CH4 to test hypotheses about where that increase has come from - and studies suggest that the increase is primarily from a biogenic source, like wetlands or agriculture, though fossil fuel sources are a bigger fraction of emissions than we once thought. Modeling CH4 as well as its isotopes helps us understand the methane budget, and this will potentially guide climate-sensitive policy decisions. Read more about the utility of our measurements in this recent publication by our colleague Sourish Basu, or this one by Xin Lan.
In cooperation with NOAA GML, the INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab (SIL) has been measuring δ13C-CH4 of methane since 1998, and we have the largest collection of data in the world. We work closely with collaborators around the world making similar measurements to improve our data compatability.
On Earth's great ice sheets, Greenland and Antarctica, snow accumulates and never melts, creating a repository of precipitation back in time. Stable isotopes of precipitation are a proxy for temperature when the snow fell, making ice cores rich paleoclimate archives. In addition, ice cores preserve records of atmospheric gases, chemistry, and physical properties, and they are unique for their combination of high resolution and long time scales. Understanding the climates of the past is essential for predicting the Earth’s responses to human-caused climate change, and ice cores are invaluable in this effort.
3-minute video tour by Tyler Jones of work and life at the North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling (NEEM) station atop the Greenland ice sheet. The international NEEM team retrieved an ice core from the top of the ice sheet down to bedrock, containing climate records reaching back 115,000 years.
For more than 30 years, SIL has been involved in ice core projects in Greenland (NEEM and Renland), Antarctica (WAIS Divide and South Pole), and also in the high-altitude tropics (Ecuador, Peru, Tibet). Although in the past we used isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we now measure the samples with a custom-built continuous melter system connected to a Picarro cavity ring-down mass spectrometer, resulting in higher-than-ever measurement resolution on a deep core. In addition to the stable isotope analysis, we are involved with the coring, processing, and modeling/analysis of the data.
Most recently our efforts have focused on the East Greenland Ice Project, located approximately at 2,720 meters altitude ~75°N , 36°W in NE Greenland on a fast moving ice stream that moves about 1 meter/week! The project has over a dozen international partners and is a multiyear project to recover ice that give us insights into climate variability over more than the last 100,000 years. Ice cores from Antarctica can take us back even further in time. You can learn more in general about ice corse (with videos) here or for a more in depth look at ice core science, you can see our latest paper about Antarctic ice cores in the journal Nature.
In the world of ice cores, we make the assumption that the isotopic composition of precipitation that falls over Greenland represents the composition of the ice sheet itself. Is that true? What about sublimation? Does sublimated vapor leave the ice sheet system and what does that mean for its mass balance? At SIL, we work to answer these questions by taking a closer look at the water vapor isotopes above the ice sheet. By using a large fixed-wing Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS) or drone, we meet the vapor on its terms. At the East Greenland Ice Project field camp, we profile the atmosphere up to 1500 m above the ice sheet and capture water vapor for isotopic analysis. By looking at that information, we glean insights into the hydrological cycle of Greenland and can challenge assumptions made about its dynamics. For more information, take a look at our most recent publication.
This work involves many hands. Here at SIL, you can find Kevin Rozmiarek, Bruce Vaughn, Valerie Morris, and Tyler Jones working on water vapor. Past SIL team members Chloe Brashear, Hayley Bennett, and Will Skorski spent time in the field flying with us. Our UAS operations are enabled and empowered at CU through Director of Flight Operations Daniel Hesselius. Our work is funded by NSF.
As much as 50% of the world's soil carbon is sequestured in the northern boreal latitudes in perennially frozen ground or permafrost. Current and future carbon emissions from these stocks are unknown, largerly due to the spatial gaps in observations and uncertainties in the mechanics of methane and carbon dioxide production. Here at SIL we are working toward building observation systems using our fixed-wing Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS, or drone) that enable new understanding of the way carbon is introduced into the atmosphere. At our field site in Alaska, close to permafrost emission sources, we use a suite of aerial measurements - in-situ measurement of methane, soil moisture radiometer, multispectral camera, and methane-isotope gas capture - to constrain isotope-enabled biogeochemisty models. These models in turn inform the future of carbon release from permafrost and ultimately, the future of climate.
At SIL you'll find Kevin Rozmiarek, Tyler Jones, Bruce Vaughn, Valerie Morris, Taline Leon, and Paloma Siegel all working on permafrost. Our UAS operations are enabled and empowered at CU through Director of Flight Operations Daniel Hesselius. This work is funded through NSF's Navigating the New Arctic program and with lab partner Sandia National Laboratories.
The Mobile Methane Analyzer. Photo by Christi Turner.
Visual display of a mobile methane sampling along roads in Weld County.
SIL participated in the CU-based, NSF funded Sustainability Research Network called the Air Water Gas project which is aimed at studying the oil and gas industry in the Rocky Mountain West. The mission of this project was to provide a logical, science-based framework for evaluating the environmental, economic, and social trade-offs between development of natural gas and protection of water and air resources. The project educated the public and influenced the development of policies and regulations governing natural gas and oil development.
Unlike all of our lab-based measurements, Mobile Methane measurements are recorded on the fly as the vehicle drives. The data are plotted onto an interactive map and Landsat image.
Services
We provide analytical services to scientists and institutions around the world.
Analysis |
|
Analysis Mode |
Sample Volume |
Precision (‰) |
Cost Per |
Analysis Time |
Limitations |
C & O: atm. carbon dioxide |
δ13C
δ18O |
dual inlet |
400 cc minimum
1 Liter preferred |
±0.015
±0.05 |
$60 |
4-6 wks |
Near-ambient concentrations of CO2 in air |
C: atm. methane |
δ13C |
continuous flow |
40 cc minimum
1 Liter preferred |
±0.1 |
$240 |
4-6 wks |
Near-ambient concentrations of CH4 in air |
H & O: liquid water & ice |
δD
δ18O |
dual inlet |
2ml minimum
15 ml preferred |
±0.5
±0.07 |
$50 |
4-6 wks |
Relatively clean samples, please! |
- Sample Volume First line is amount needed for analyses; second line is the desired amount of sample to be submitted, to allow enough for replicate analyses.
- Precision is the long term reproducibility (one sigma) of a known-unknown.
- Cost Per Analysis is an estimate for off-campus non-academic research, including commercial parties and governmental agencies. Prices are lower for academic projects and university research. Assistance with interpretation of data is available. We do not attempt to compete with commercial labs.
- Analysis time is an average turnaround time for a small number of samples (1-50). Actual time may be shorter or longer depending on machine performance, barring mechanical failures beyond our control.
Notes
- We will bill your university/party/agency after the work is completed. (Most universities pay with a purchase order or credit card).
- We strongly support student projects, both graduate and undergraduate. If you have a limited number of samples, and an even more limited source of funding, we may be able to help.
- PLEASE DO NOT SEND SAMPLES BY STANDARD US POSTAL SERVICE. Choose a street delivery service such as FedEx, UPS, etc. We request that you email us with an electronic list (spreadsheet) of sample IDs, so that we can avoid any possibility of data entry typos on our end. If possible, especially with large sample sets, we appreciate some organization of the samples in the shipping container, so we don't have to re-order them.
Standard gases
We also perform calibration of clean dry air cylinders typically filled at the Niwot clean air site by NOAA personnel. Calibrated tanks can be obtained from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, analyzed for mixing ratios of a suite of greenhouse gases, including CO, CO2, N2O, and CH4. For more information, visit the NOAA GML standard-gases web site. Reference cylinders usuallly require analyses made over a period of weeks to verify the stability of the standard air before it can be released and certified for use. Turnaround times can vary, depending on the performance of the cylinder. Typically we make approximately 30 measurements over a period of 6 to 12 weeks. Actual time may be shorter or longer depending on machine and cylinder performance, barring any mechanical failures beyond our control.
Stable Isotope Lab by the numbers
7
Full-Time Technicians
+ grad students
36+
Publications
in Nature or Science
180+
Publications
assoc. with the lab
800
Square Feet
of freezer space
at -20°C/-4°F
3000
Gallons
of liquid nitrogen
on demand
8000+
Square Feet
of lab space
25,000+
Analyses
per year
Instrumentation
Our equipment includes
- Dual-inlet and continuous-flow isotope-ratio mass spectrometers
- Laser-based cavity ring-down spectrometers.
Spock is a Micromass dual inlet mass spectrometer that measures the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in atmospheric CO2, primarily from flasks and standard cylinders with the NOAA CMDL Cooperative Air Sampling Network. CO2 is extracted from an air sample by pulling the air through a water trap and into a liquid nitrogen trap. The sample is then heated to expand into the sample bellows of the mass spectrometer. The sample and reference gas are then iteratively allowed into the source where they are ionized, repelled down the flight tube, and separated by isotopic mass. Reliable measurements of CO2 isotopes depends on careful data crunching and quality controls—please contact us if you'd like more information on our procedures.
T'Pol is a GV Isoprime dual inlet mass spectrometer dedicated to running isotopes of CO2 from programmable flask packages. These collect air from aircraft and from tall towers, allowing for sampling along vertical gradients. The sample extraction is almost identical to Spock: CO2 is cryogenically separated from air and expanded into the sample bellows for dual inlet analysis against a CO2 reference gas. Careful monitoring ensures that different instruments measure samples with high accuracy and precision.
Picard is also a GV Isoprime with a similar extraction system as T'Pol and Spock. Although it can measure samples from flasks and programmable flask packages, it is primarily devoted to measuring air from calibration cylinders. Picard has the capacity to measure CO2 extracted from carbonates, as this is the reference material for CO2 isotopes.
Troi measures carbon isotopes of methane. Since there is not enough methane in a network flask to measure using dual inlet techniques, we rely on continuous flow measurements, where the sample moves on a stream of helium gas. Methane and other gases are frozen on a pre-concentrator of hayesep-D, cryo-focused, and separated on a GC column. The CH4 is combusted to CO2, and then the sample is "sniffed" from an open split into the mass spectrometer.
Crusher will soon measure hydrogen isotopes of methane. This measurement is challenging due to the high-temperature pyrolysis furnace which converts CH4 to H2 gas.
Julian and Phlox are Picarro cavity ring-down mass spectrometers dedicated to measuring hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of water from discreet samples.
Kes measures water isotopes from ice-cores. Kes represents is a breakthrough in our ability to obtain high resolution records from ice cores. As the ice is melted, peristaltic pumps move the water into a de-bubbler, splitter (where a portion of the sample is archived), a nebulizer, then vaporized and measured by CRMS.
Overview video (90 sec)
Watch an 90 second overview of the Stable Isotope Lab. The video will automatically start at the 2:30 mark. This overview is part of a tour of two INSTAAR labs. The first part of the video gives an overview of the Laboratory for AMS Radiocarbon Preparation and Research.
Partners
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). We work closely with NOAA’s Global Monitoring Lab, providing critical isotopic constraints on the sources and sinks of major greenhouse gases and related carbon- climate feedback processes—constraints which are not otherwise available from observations of trace gas concentration alone.
National Science Foundation (NSF). Many of our projects have been supported under the leadership of the National Science Foundation.
Collaborators
We also collaborate with colleagues at many universities, government labs, and other science organizations and communities around the world.