Earth's climate is changing due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The most important of these is carbon dioxide - and yet we don't fully understand fluxes of CO₂ between the biosphere, the atmosphere, and the ocean.  Stable isotopes are very useful for understanding these exchange processes because of fractionation: different isotopes of CO₂ move between these different pools at different rates. For instance, because plants strongly discriminate against the heavy isotope of CO₂, we can use δ¹³C-CO₂ (this is the 'isotope delta' value) to estimate ocean versus land uptake of carbon dioxide.(Learn more about why isotopes are useful for understanding sources and sinks of carbon!)

The INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab (SIL) has collaborated with the NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory Global Monitoring Laboratory's since 1990. This involves measuring δ¹³C-CO₂ and δ¹⁸O-CO₂ from flasks and programmable flask packages from the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network. We proudly maintain the largest dataset of stable isotopes in the world. You can play around with data here. We will be updating our CO₂ isotope data soon! Contact Sylvia Michel for more information. 

Methane is also a very important greenhouse gas, and the atmospheric burden of methane is increasing rapidly for reasons we don't fully understand. Because sources of methane have different isotopic signatures, we can use δ¹³C-CH₄ to use this to test hypotheses about where that increase has come from - and studies suggest that the increase is primarily from a biogenic source, like wetlands or agriculture, though fossil fuel sources are a bigger fraction of emissions than we once though. Modeling CH₄ as well as its isotopes helps us understand the methane budget, and this will potentially guide climate-sensitive policy decisions.

The INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab (SIL) has been measuring δ¹³C-CH₄ of methane since 1998, and we have the largest collection of data in the world. We work closely with collaborators around the world making similar measurements to improve our data compatability.

On Earth's great ice sheets, Greenland and Antarctica, snow accumulates and never melts, creating a repository of precipitation back in time. Stable isotopes of precipitation are a proxy for temperature when the snow fell, making ice cores a rich paleoclimate archives. In addition, ice cores preserve records of atmospheric gases, chemistry, and physical properties, and they are unique for their combination of high resolution and long time scales. Understanding the climates of the past is essential for predicting the Earth’s responses to human-caused climate change, and ice cores are invaluable in this effort.

For more than 30 years, SIL has been involved in ice core projects in Greenland (NEEM and Renland), Antarctica (WAIS Divide and South Pole), and also in the high-altitude tropics (Ecuador, Peru, Tibet). Although in the past we used isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we now measure the samples with a custom-built continuous melter system connected to a Picarro cavity ring-down mass spectrometer, resulting in higher-than-ever measurement resolution on a deep core. In addition to the stable isotope analysis, we are involved with the coring, processing, and modeling/analysis of the data.

Most recently our efforts have focused on the East Greenland Ice Project, located approximately at 2,720 meters altitude ~75°N , 36°W in NE Greenland on a fast moving ice stream that moves about 1 meter/week! The project has over a dozen international partners and is a multiyear project to recover ice that give us insights into climate variability over more than the last 100,000 years. Ice cores from Antarctica can take us back even further in time.  You can learn more in general about ice core (with videos) here or for  a more in depth look at ice core science, you can see our latest paper about Antarctic ice cores in the journal Nature. 

Water vapor stable isotopes matter: turns out it's not just the snow that determines the stable isotopes of water in the ice sheet. The water vapor influences the ice sheet, and the ice sheet influences the water vapor.

There is an awful lot of carbon in permafrost soils. In a warming planet, will that carbon be released as methane, which is a strong greenhouse gas? The Navigating the New Arctic project, led by Tyler Jones and Bruce Vaughn, investigates how much methane will be released from permafrost soils. Other SIL-folk involved in the project are Kevin Rosmiarek, Valerie Morris, Chloe Brashear, and Taline Leon.

SIL participated in the CU-based, NSF funded Sustainability Research Network called the Air Water Gas project which is aimed at studying the oil and gas industry in the Rocky Mountain West. The mission of this project was to provide a logical, science-based framework for evaluating the environmental, economic, and social trade-offs between development of natural gas and protection of water and air resources. The project educated the public and influenced the development of policies and regulations governing natural gas and oil development.

Unlike all of our lab-based measurements, Mobile Methane measurements are recorded on the fly as the vehicle drives. The data are plotted onto an interactive map and Landsat image.

• Sample Volume First line is amount needed for analyses; second line is the desired amount of sample to be submitted, to allow enough for replicate analyses.
• Precision is the long term reproducibility (one sigma) of a known-unknown.
• Cost Per Analysis is an estimate for off-campus non-academic research, including commercial parties and governmental agencies. Prices are lower for academic projects and university research. Assistance with interpretation of data is available. We do not attempt to compete with commercial labs.
• Analysis time is an average turnaround time for a small number of samples (1-50). Actual time may be shorter or longer depending on machine performance, barring mechanical failures beyond our control.

Notes

• We will bill your university/party/agency after the work is completed. (Most universities pay with a purchase order or credit card).
• We strongly support student projects, both graduate and undergraduate. If you have a limited number of samples, and an even more limited source of funding, we may be able to help.
• PLEASE DO NOT SEND SAMPLES BY STANDARD US POSTAL SERVICE. Choose a street delivery service such as FedEx, UPS, etc. We request that you email us with an electronic list (spreadsheet) of sample IDs, so that we can avoid any possibility of data entry typos on our end. If possible, especially with large sample sets, we appreciate some organization of the samples in the shipping container, so we don't have to re-order them.

Standard gases

We also perform calibration of clean dry air cylinders typically filled at the Niwot clean air site by NOAA personnel. Calibrated tanks can be obtained from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, analyzed for mixing ratios of a suite of greenhouse gases, including CO, CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄. For more information, visit the NOAA GML standard-gases web site. Reference cylinders usuallly require analyses made over a period of weeks to verify the stability of the standard air before it can be released and certified for use. Turnaround times can vary, depending on the performance of the cylinder. Typically we make approximately 30 measurements over a period of 6 to 12 weeks. Actual time may be shorter or longer depending on machine and cylinder performance, barring any mechanical failures beyond our control.