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Scales and sensitivities in climate vulnerability, displacement, and health

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Abstract

Climate change and attendant weather events are global phenomena with wide-ranging implications for migration and health. We argue that while these issues are inherently interrelated, little empirical or policy attention has been given to the three-way nexus between climate vulnerability, migration, and health. In this Review, we develop a conceptual model to guide research on this three-way nexus. In so doing, we apply our conceptual model to a range of case studies, including Bangladesh, Mexico, Myanmar, and the USA. They illustrate that climate vulnerability-migration-health interlinkages are context specific, varying by political, economic, demographic, social, and environmental factors unique to each population and place. Even so, the case studies also demonstrate that overarching themes amenable to policy can be identified. Global organizations and researchers from a multiplicity of disciplinary backgrounds have strong imperatives and unique but often overlooked capacity to innovate and experiment in addressing climate vulnerability-migration-health interlinkages. We call for research and policy focus on these issues and suggest targeted efforts to begin mitigating migration and health issues associated with global climate change.

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Notes

  1. It is important to note that migration decisions involve a variable degree of agency that inversely corresponds to the strength of the environmental threat. Ultimately, the relationships and tipping points implied depend both on the magnitude of a climate event or threat and the characteristics of the individual and/or population and place affected (Füssel & Klein, 2006).

  2. Underlined text represent concepts presented in Fig. 1.

  3. Our focus on scale allows for consideration of how conditions (including socioeconomic conditions) in communities or otherwise localized environments modify how spatial and temporal exposures matter for climate vulnerability, migration, and health (Grace 2017; Grace et. al., 2020; Wu, Zaitchik, Swarup, Gohlke, 2019).

  4. While common classification systems often distinguish an event dichotomously by its intensity (i.e., a sudden onset, high severity) and extent (i.e., low severity, high frequency), distinctions between intensive and extensive risks are quite arbitrary since there is no quantifiable threshold between these two classificatory schemes (UNISDR, 2015). Indeed, such classifications miss other types of events that influence migration and health (UNISDR, 2015) such as droughts that may unfold over years, eventually reaching a threshold rendering places uninhabitable. As a consequence, we articulate several dimensions of climate events within our conceptual framework.

  5. Underlined text represent central elements of the conceptual model presented in Fig. 2.

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Acknowledgements

Advisory Board Member Dr. Kathryn Grace served as Guest Editor for this Review Article.

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This research has been supported by Project Number R13HD078101-05 CUPC Climate Change, Migration, and Health Conference. The project has also benefited from research, administrative, and computing support provided by the University of Colorado Population Center (Project 2P2CHD066613-06), funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. The content is solely the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily represent the official views of the CUPC, NIH or CU Boulder.

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Hunter, L.M., Koning, S., Fussell, E. et al. Scales and sensitivities in climate vulnerability, displacement, and health. Popul Environ 43, 61–81 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-021-00377-7

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