Obligations

Right Holders

All people. Human rights belong to everyone and are equal, interrelated, interdependent and cannot be taken away. Some human rights are already being violated due to climate change, making the climate crisis an urgent matter that must be addressed collectively.

Duty Bearers

States are the primary duty bearers. States have obligations that require individual and collective action, including international cooperation. States should be held accountable for the negative effects of the actions—or lack of action—within their areas and should share responsibility for reducing the harmful effects of climate change.

Principles of Human Rights

Human rights are universal
Human rights are equal
Human rights are indivisible
Human rights are interrelated
Human rights are interdependent

Obligations Educator’s Guide

Bring the conversation about climate obligations to the classroom. Free and available for all educators.

Access the Obligations Educator Guide

“We are the first generation to feel the impact of climate change and the last generation that can do something about it.”

—Barack Obama

Former president of the United States

Feature Stories

Aerial view of Warraber (Sue) Island, Torres Strait

How courts can help protect human rights amid climate change

A growing number of legal cases around the world have proved successful in getting governments to commit to climate action, but in the U.S. barriers to this strategy remain. Read more

When it comes to addressing global climate impacts, who should pay?

In 2016, Tropical Storm Winston hit the Pacific island of Fiji as the strongest recorded storm ever to make landfall in the Southern Hemisphere. Read more

Global Obligations

United Nations Human Rights has outlined the essential obligations and responsibilities of duty bearers—states, businesses, education and individuals. Our efforts to develop climate solutions, mitigation and adaptation must be ambitious, nondiscriminatory and compliant with human rights obligations.

United Nations Human Rights logo

Human Rights and Climate Change Obligations

Mitigate climate change and prevent its harmful effects on human rights.
Ensure that all people have the necessary capacity to adapt to climate change.
Ensure accountability and effective remedies for the harmful effects on human rights caused by climate change.
Mobilize maximum available resources for sustainable, human rights-based development.
Cooperate with other states.
Ensure equity in climate action.
Guarantee that everyone enjoys the benefits of science and its applications.
Protect human rights from business harms.
Guarantee equality and nondiscrimination.
Ensure meaningful and informed participation.

Climate Activism

Climate activism is when people all over the world advocate for, and make changes toward, climate solutions. One form of activism comes through climate coalitions, where governments, businesses and civil society members come together to create positive climate action. The work from climate coalition initiatives has reduced emissions while tackling concerns such as equality, building sustainable infrastructure, and advancing adaptation and climate resilience.

Energy

Industry and Transport

Business and Finance

Resilience and Adaptation

Nature-based Solutions

Urban Planning

Whole-of-Society Approach

To overcome the climate crisis, we need to work together as a collective—as a global community. A whole‑of‑society approach creates meaningful multistakeholder partnerships that ensure all levels of civil society work together to design, implement and finance climate solutions.

Common, but Differentiated, Responsibilities and Capabilities

Central to climate solutions is the concept of common, but differentiated, responsibilities and capabilities. This means that states have common responsibilities to protect the environment and promote sustainable development, but their level of responsibility differs due to their contributions to climate change and environmental degradation. Responsibilities also differ due to financial and technological capabilities.

Children playing on beach in Cascais, Portugal

Education

Education is the key. Providing children with early knowledge and hands-on experience to climate solutions is critical—teaching our future leaders the importance of individual and collective actions.

“On their way to the beach, on the bus, they were singing: ‘Let’s save the animals! Let’s save the animals!’ They want to make sure that the ocean animals wouldn’t swallow trash, wouldn’t cough, or that any object would hurt the animals or kill them. Actions like this also send an important message to the parents.”

—Teresa Salema, teacher in Lisbon

Read the Full Story of Student Involvement

Business & Industry

Although all areas of civil society play a part, businesses and industry have an influential role in shifting production and consumption behaviors and effects. Globally, organizations need to collaborate across industries and sectors, governments, and civil society to achieve effective climate solutions.

“We can’t each reinvent our own wheels here. We are committed to sharing information and, frankly, learning from each other. Because when you make a big, bold commitment, you’re not always sure exactly how you are going to get there. We’re all going to have steps forward and steps back, and if we can do a better job of learning from each other, that will make us more effective.”

—John Frank, vice president for UN affairs for Microsoft

Learn About 3 Companies Committing to Action

Law & Policy

The role of law and climate litigation is becoming increasingly prominent. People are using litigation as a tool to uphold accountability and ensure states, governments and businesses are upholding universal human rights—especially those affected by the climate crisis.

“Citizens are increasingly turning to courts to access justice and exercise their right to a healthy environment.”

—Arnold Kreilhuber, UNEP’s Law Division acting director

Read the Full Story About Climate Litigation

States

When a state stands as a leader of positive change, it establishes pathways for others to follow. Jordan was the first developing country to build end-to-end digital infrastructure to implement and track reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions.

“Jordan is a pioneer in the climate space, the first developing country in the world to have this kind of comprehensive system. Its MRV system (measurement, reporting and verification) is of such high quality that we are standardizing it to enable its implementation in other countries under our new initiative, the Partnership for Market Implementation.”

—Harikumar Gadde, senior climate change specialist

Explore Jordan's Innovative Action

Global Collaboration

Collaboration by everyone is critical. Effective solutions will come about only when all voices are represented. Global collaboration requires unwavering commitment, especially from states, businesses and people who have contributed to the crisis the most.

“This is a matter of equity, fairness, solidarity and enlightened self-interest.”

—António Guterres, UN secretary-general

Learn About One Example of Global Collaboration

Individual Action

Although the climate crisis may seem overwhelming at an individual level, our collective actions do make a difference. Education and understanding can lead to informed, positive decision-making in the five domains of the Anatomy of Action: food, mobility, items, money and fun.

“It’s important that people make more informed decisions and ask governments and business to take action.”

—Garrette Clark, an expert in sustainable living with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Understand Specific Actions for Individuals

Main menu

Obligations

You are here

Who Is Responsible?

Right Holders

Duty Bearers