• Mobile Money:  Implications for Emerging Markets” (with Paul Rappoport), Communications & Strategies, No. 79, 3rd. Quarter 2010, pp. 15-28. 
  • Universal Service: A New Definition?” (with Paul Rappoport and Aniruddha Banerjee), Telecommunications Policy, February – March 2010 Vol. 34, No. 1-2 (ISSN 0308-5961), pp.  86-91.
  • “Real Options Methodology Applied to the Information and Communications Technology Sector: A Survey” (with Gary Madden and Hak Kim) Communications & Strategies, No. 70, 2nd. Quarter 2008, pp. 27-44.
  • “An Investment Criterion Incorporating Real Options,” (with Hirofumi Suto and Paul Rappoport), Communications & Strategies, No. 70, 2nd. Quarter 2008, pp. 45-66.
  • “Optimal Pricing with Sunk Cost and Uncertainty,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport) in The Economics of Online Markets and Information Communications and Technology Networks: Contribution to Economics Series, (eds. Russel Cooper, Ashley Lloyd, Gary Madden and Michael Schipp), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg (2006), ISSN 1431-1933, pp. 143-155.
  • “Modelling Regulation with Real Options: An Extension,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport), Connecting Societies and Markets, Governance of Telecommunications Networks: Connecting Societies and Markets, (eds. Brigitte Preissl and Jürgen Müller), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg (2006) ISBN 10 3-7908-1745-7, pp. 459-478
  • “Regulatory Failure: Time for a New Policy Paradigm,” (with Paul Rappoport), Communication & Strategy, No. 60, 4th. Quarter 2005, pp. 105-123.
  • “Business Model of Wireless in the USA,” (with Christopher Swann), Mobile Media: Content and Services For Wireless Communications, Düsseldorf, Germany, Jo Groebel, Eli M. Noam, and Valerie Feldmann (eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ (2005), ISBN 0-8058-4642-5, pp. 153-163.
  • “WTP (Willingness-to-Pay) Analysis of Mobile Internet Demand,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Lester D. Taylor), Frontiers of Broadband, Electronic and Mobile Commerce, Cooper, Russel and Gary Madden (eds.), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (2004), pp. 165 – 180.
  • "Network Resilience and its Regulatory Inhibitors,” (with Jonathan Liebenau), in Global Economy and Digital Society, Erik Bohlin, Sanford L. Levin, N. Sung , and C-H Yoon (eds.) Elsevier, Amsterdam (2004)
  • “The Internet and the Demand for News: Macro- and Microevidence,” (with Paul Rappoport) Crisis Communications: Lesson from September 11, A. Michael Noll (ed.), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., New York (2004), pp. 151-166.
  •  “A Decision-Making Criterion Incorporating Real Options,” (with Hirofumi Suto and Paul Rappoport), Proceedings of Bell University Laboratory Workshop, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 28 May 2003.
  • Dominant Carrier Market Power in United States International Telephone Markets” (with Gary Madden and Scott Savage), Applied Economics, volume 35, April 2003, pp. 665-73.
  • Modelling Regulatory Distortions with Real Options,” (with Paul Rappoport), The Engineering Economist, volume 47, number 4, December 2002, pp. 390-417. 
  • A New View of Telecommunications EconomicsTelecommunications Policy:  The International Journal on Knowledge Infrastructure Development, Management and Regulation, volume 26, January 2002, pp. 87- 92.
  • Modelling Regulatory Distortions with Real Options,” Engineering Economics, Vol. 47, no. 4, December 2002.
  • Real Options, Real Opportunities , 90-Day Plan , Financial Plan, Optimize, January 2002.
  • Sprint -- GTE's Lost Opportunity,” The International Handbook of Telecommunications Economics Volume III, Madden, Gary (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, UK 2002.
  • Forecasting the Demand for Internet Services,” The International Handbook of Telecommunications Economics Volume II, Madden, Gary (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, UK 2002
  • Universal Service: A Policy Survey, Review and Critique,” The International Handbook of Telecommunications Economics Volume I, Madden, Gary (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, UK 2002.
  • A New View of Telecommunications Economics,” Telecommunications Policy, January 2002.
  • Trade Imbalance in International Message Telephone Service” (with Gary Madden and Scott J. Savage), Applied Economics, 2000, volume 32, number 10, August 2000, pp. 1311-1321.
  • Poverty of Cost Models, the Wealth of Real Options (In The New Investment Theory of Real Options and its Implications for Telecommunications Economics). Regulatory Economics Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers (1999). Alleman and Noam (eds.)
  • Universal Service: The Poverty of Policy,” University of Colorado Law Review, volume 71, number 4, fall 2000.
  • International Settlements: An Analysis of Rates,” Communications & Strategies, Issue 30, IDATE, Montpellier, France 2nd. Quarter, 1998.
  • Book Chapters
  • “Forecasting Video Cord-Cutting:  The Bypass of Traditional Pay Television” (with Aniruddha Banerjee and Paul N. Rappoport) in Demand for Communications Services – Insights and Perspectives:  Essays in Honor of Lester D. Taylor, Springer Verlag, (2014).  James Alleman, Áine Ní-Shúilleabháin and Paul Rappoport (editors). A volume in The Economics of Information, Communication and Entertainment: The Impacts of Digital Technology in the 21st Century Series editor, Darcy Gerbarg.
  • “Concluding Remarks” (co-authored with Áine Ní-Shúilleabháin and Paul Rappoport) in Demand for Communications Services – Insights and Perspectives:  Essays in Honor of Lester D. Taylor, Springer Verlag, (2014).  James Alleman, Áine Ní-Shúilleabháin and Paul Rappoport (editors). A volume in The Economics of Information, Communication and Entertainment: The Impacts of Digital Technology in the 21st Century Series editor, Darcy Gerbarg.
  • Overview: The Future of Telecommunications, Media, and Technology” (co-authored with Áine Ní-Shúilleabháin and Paul Rappoport) in Demand for Communications Services – Insights and Perspectives:  Essays in Honor of Lester D. Taylor, Springer Verlag, (2014).  James Alleman, Áine Ní-Shúilleabháin and Paul Rappoport (editors). A volume in The Economics of Information, Communication and Entertainment: The Impacts of Digital Technology in the 21st Century Series editor, Darcy Gerbarg.
  • “Estimating the Penetration of Wireless-only Households” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Lester Taylor) in Contribution to Economics:  The Economics of Digital Markets, (ed. Gary Madden and Russel Cooper), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (2009), pp. 190-203. 
  • “Next Generation Networks:  Demand Side Issues,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport), in Contribution to Economics:  Telecommunications Market:  Drivers and Impediments, (eds. Brigitte Preissl, Justus Haucap and Peter Curwen), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (2009), ISBN 978-3-7908-2081-2, pp. 397-415. 
  • “A Cross-Country Assessment of the Digital Divide” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Gary Madden), in Contribution to Economics:  Telecommunications Market:  Drivers and Impediments, (eds. Brigitte Preissl, Justus Haucap and Peter Curwen), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (2009), ISBN 978-3-7908-2081-2, pp. 433-447.  
  • “Estimating the Demand for Voice over IP Services:  A Contingent Valuation Approach” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Lester D. Taylor), Governance of Telecommunications Networks:  Connecting Societies and Markets, (eds. Brigitte Preissl and Jürgen Müller), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg (2006) ISBN 10 3-7908-1745-7, pp. 227-240. 
  • Modelling Regulation with Real Options:  An Extension” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport), Connecting Societies and Markets, Governance of Telecommunications Networks:  Connecting Societies and Markets, (eds. Brigitte Preissl and Jürgen Müller), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg (2006) ISBN 10 3-7908-1745-7, pp. 459-478 
  • “Optimal Pricing with Sunk Cost and Uncertainty” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport) in The Economics of Online Markets and Information Communications and Technology Networks:  Contribution to Economics Series, (eds. Russel Cooper, Ashley Lloyd, Gary Madden and Michael Schipp), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg (2006), ISSN 1431-1933, pp. 143-155. 
  • “Business Model of Wireless in the USA," (with Christopher Swann), Mobile Media: Content and Services For Wireless Communications, Düsseldorf, Germany, Jo Groebel, Eli M. Noam, and Valerie Feldmann (eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ (2005), ISBN 0-8058-4642-5, pp. 153-163. 
  • "Real Options Overview," Real Options: Concepts and Applications, D. Satish (ed.) ICFAI University Press, Hyderabad, India (2005), ISBN 81-7881-458-7, pp. 184-191.
  • "Network Resilience and its Regulatory Inhibitors," (with Jonathan Liebenau), in Global Economy and Digital Society, Erik Bohlin, Sanford L. Levin, Nakil Sung, and Chang-Ho Yoon (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2004, pp. 379-392. 
  • “WTP (Willingness-to-Pay) Analysis of Mobile Internet Demand,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Lester D. Taylor), Frontiers of Broadband, Electronic and Mobile Commerce, Cooper, Russel and Gary Madden (eds.), Physica-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany (2004), ISSN 1431-1933, pp. 165-180.
  • “The Internet and the Demand for News:  Macro- and Microevidence,” (with Paul Rappoport) Crisis Communications: Lesson from September 11, A. Michael Noll (ed.), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., New York (2004), pp. 151-166. 
  • Sprint:  GTE’s Lost Opportunity,” (with Lawrence Cole) The International Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, Volume III: World Telecommunications Markets, Madden, Gary (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, UK (2003), pp. 137-150.
  • Forecasting the Demand for Internet Services,” (co-authored with Rappoport, P. N., Kridel, D. J., Taylor, L. D., and Duffy-Deno, K.), The International Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, Volume II:  Emerging Telecommunications Networks, Madden, Gary (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, UK (2003), pp. 55-72 .
  • Universal Service:  A Policy Survey, Review and Critique," (co-authored with Rappoport, P. N.), The International Handbook of Telecommunications Economics, Volume I:  Traditional Telecommunications Networks Madden, Gary (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishers, Cheltenham, UK (2003) pp. 315-336.
  • “Introduction” (co-authored with Robert Crandall), Should We Regulate High Speed Internet Access? James Alleman and Robert Crandall (eds.), AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, (December 2002), pp. 1-8.
  • Introduction and Overview,” in Alleman and Noam (eds.), The New Investment Theory of Real Options and Its Implications for Telecommunications Economics, Regulatory Economics Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA 1999; pp. xiii-xv. 
  • The Poverty of Cost Models, The Wealth of Real Options,” in Alleman and Noam (eds.), The New Investment Theory of Real Options and Its Implications for Telecommunications Economics, Regulatory Economics Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA 1999; pp. 159-179. 
  • International Settlements: A Time for a Change,”( co-authored with Barbara Sorce), in Telecommunications Transformation:  Technology, Strategy and Policy, Erik Bohlin and Sanford L. Levin (eds.) pp. 189-201, ISO Press, Amsterdam, 1998.
  • “Telecommunications Demand,” (co-authored with Alain de Fontenay), in Donald M. Lamberton, (ed.), New Frontiers in Telecommunications Research, North Holland, Amsterdam, 1997.  
  • "Alternative Settlement Procedures in International Telecommunications Service," (with Paul Rappoport and Ken Stanley), Communications Policy in Europe, Springer-Verlag, Kronberg, FRG, 1990, pp. 129-160. 
  • “Introduction” and “After word,” in Alleman and Emmerson (eds.), Perspectives on the Telephone Industry:  The Challenge for the Future, Harper Row, New York, NY, pp. xvii-xviii and 305-306, 1989.
  • "Estimating and Linking Economic and Financial Costs in Telecommunications," (with Veena Gupta) in Regulating Utilities in an Era of Deregulation, M. A. Crew (ed.), MacMillan, pp. 171-196, 1987. 
  • "Telecommunications in a Fickle Regulatory Environment," (with Leland W. Schmidt) P. C. Mann and H. M. Trebing (eds.), Changing Patterns in Regulation, Markets, and Technology: The Effect on Public Utility Pricing, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 1984. 
  • "Local Loops as a Barrier to Entry," (with E. C. Beauvais) Challenges for Public Utility Regulation in the 1980s, The Institute of Public Utilities, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 1981.
  • "Local Measured Service:  The Telephone Industry's Perspective," (authored for L. W. Schmidt), in Perspectives on Local Measured Service, J. A. Baude, et al. (eds.), Telecommunication Industry Workshop Committee, Kansas City, MO, 1979.
  • Invited Articles
  • “Introduction,” (with Marc Bourreau), Communications & Strategies, No. 79, 3rd. Quarter 2010, pp. 11-14. 
  •  
  • Forecasting the Spatial Deployment of FIOS.” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport, and Lester D. Taylor), Telektronikk, 2008, 3/4, pp. 29-36.
  • Real Options Approach to ICT Investment Decisions,” (co-authored with Gary Madden) Communications & Strategies, No. 70, 2nd. Quarter 2008, pp. 9-11. 
  • "The Future of Communications in Next Generation Networks," (co-authored with Paul Rappoport), The Future of Voice in Next Generation Networks, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland, January 2007. 
  • Dynamic Solutions to Policy Failures:  Overview and Introduction,” Communications & Strategy, No. 60, 4th. Quarter 2005, pp. 11-13.
  • The Demand for Voice over IP: An Econometric Analysis Using Survey Data on Willingness-to-Pay,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport, Lester D. Taylor, and Donald Kridel), Telektronikk, No. 4, 2004, pp.70-83. 
  • “The Future of Regulation,” Directions for the Next New Age of Telecom Regulation, New Millennium Research Journal, New Millennium Research Council, Washington, DC.  6 January 2004, pp. 1-7. 
  • “How should telecom companies be valued?” America's Network Magazine, 1 October 2003, pp. 8-11.
  • “An important valuation remedy: Executive stock options,” America's Network Magazine, 1 October 2003, p. 9
  • Real Options, Real Opportunities,“ Optimize CMP Media, New York, NY, volume 1, number 2, January 2002, pp. 57-66.
  • Articles in Refereed Conference Proceedings
  • “Antitrust for the Internet Giants?” Proceedings of ITS European Conference” 2018, Trento, Italy, 1-3 August 2018.
  • “The Threat of Internet Platforms:  Facebook, Goggle, etc.” Proceedings of ITS European Conference” 2018, Trento, Italy, 1-3 August 2018.
  • “Antitrust Failures:  The Internet Giants” “The Threat of Internet Platforms:  Facebook, Goggle, etc.” Proceedings of ITS Seoul 2018, Seoul, Korea, 24-29 June 2018.
  • “The Political Economy of Internet Platforms:  Facebook, Goggle, etc.” Proceedings of ITS Seoul 2018, Seoul, Korea, 24-29 June 2018.
  •  
  • Disparities in Income & Wealth:  Policy Options,” (with Jonathan Liebenau). Presentation at Western Economics Association International, Portland, OR, 30 June  2016. 
  • Regulation of Latin American’s Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Sector: Success or Failure?”  (co-authored with Paul Rappoport), Eighth CPR LATAM Conference, Bogota, Colombia, 30-31 May 2014
  • Nonlinear Pricing: Self-Selecting Tariffs and Regulation” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Edmond Baranes), TPRC 41: The 41st Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy Arlington, VA. 27 January 2013.
  • “Mobile-Money:  Combining cellular phone service and microfinance,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport) Proceedings of ITS 2010, Tokyo, 28-30 June 2010.
  • “The Financial Implications of Mobile Money:  Overview of Issues” ICTs and Its Social and Economic Impacts in the Americas, ACORN-REDECOM 2010 Conference, CCOM University of Brasilia, Brasilia, 14-15 May 2010. 
  • Universal Service: A New Definition?” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Aniruddha Banerjee), 2009 TPRC: The 37th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy, Arlington, VA, 25-27 September 2009.  
  • Defining Universal Service Obligation” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Aniruddha Banerjee) ICTs and Its Social and Economic Impacts in the Americas, CITI and ACORN/REDECOM Conference, Mexico City, Mexico, 4-5 September 2009.
  • The New Economics of ICT: The Regulatory Implications of Post-neoclassical Economics for the Information & Communications Technology Sector,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Jonathan Liebenau) ICTs and Its Social and Economic Impacts in the Americas, CITI and ACORN/REDECOM Conference,  Mexico City, Mexico, 4-5 September 2009.
  • “Universal Service: A New Definition?” (co-authored with Gary Madden, Paul Rappoport and Aniruddha Banerjee), 2009 ITS Africa-Asia-Australasia Regional Conference, Perth, Australia, 16-18 August 2009.  
  • The Demand for Video Services: When Fiber Becomes an Alternative,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Lester Taylor), Thirtieth Biennial International Telecommunications Society Conference, Montréal, Canada, 25-27 August 2008. 
  • VoIP in Developing Countries:  The Next Disruptive Technology?” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Gary Madden), Thirtieth Biennial International Telecommunications Society Conference, Montréal, Canada, 25-27 August 2008. 
  • “Next Generation Networks: The Demand-side Issues,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Gary Madden), 28th. International Symposium on Forecasting, Nice, France 22-25 June 2008. 
  • “VoIP:  A Disruptive Technology in Developing Countries,” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Gary Madden), 28th. International Symposium on Forecasting, Nice, France 22-25 June 2008.  
  • “Communications Demand in Next Generation Networks," (co-authored with Paul Rappoport) 35th. Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (Telecommunications Policy Research Conference).  Arlington, VA, 28 – 30 September 2007.
  •  
  • “Wireless Households Demand:  A New Methodology," (co-authored with Paul Rappoport) 35th. Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy (Telecommunications Policy Research Conference).  Arlington, VA, 28 – 30 September 2007.
  • "The Digital Divide and Economic Reality:  A Cross-Country Assessment," European Regional ITS Conference.  Istanbul, Turkey, 2-4 September 2007.
  • “Implications for Regulation in Next Generation Networks" (co-authored with Paul Rappoport), European Regional ITS Conference.  Istanbul, Turkey, 2-4 September 2007.
  • "The Estimation of Wireless Households: A Local Perspective” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Lester Taylor), European Regional ITS Conference.  Istanbul, Turkey, 2-4 September 2007.
  • “A Cross-Country Assessment of the Digital Divide" (co-authored with Paul Rappoport), ITS Africa-Asia-Australasia Regional Conference 2007.  Perth, Australia, 26-28 August 2007. 
  • "A Methodology to Estimate Wireless Households” (co-authored with Paul Rappoport and Lester Taylor), ITS Africa-Asia-Australasia Regional Conference 2007.  Perth, Australia, 26-28 August 2007. 
  • “Communications Demand in Next Generation Networks," (co-authored with Paul Rappoport), ITS Africa-Asia-Australasia Regional Conference 2007.  Perth, Australia, 26-28 August 2007. 
  • “Dynamic Pricing with Uncertainty:  Implications for Unbundled Network Elements (UNEs),” (with Paul Rappoport), Tenth Annual International Conference on Real Options, Columbia University, New York, NY, 16 June 2006
  • “IPTV – Telecom Provision of Video Services: An Econometric Assessment,” (with Paul Rappoport and Lester Taylor), Sixteenth Biennial Conference of the ITS, Beijing, 12-16 June 2006. 
  • “Optional Pricing with Sunk Costs and Uncertainty,” (with Paul Rappoport), Journée Economie des réseaux, « Economie des réseaux: regards croisés sur les télécommunications et l’énergie », Faculté des Sciences Economiques, Université Montpellier I, Montpellier, France, 9 December 2005
  • “Modelling Regulatory Constraints and Distortions with Real Options:  DSL & Cable,” (with Paul Rappoport), Real Options Conference, 9th Annual International Conference, Paris, 22-25 June 2005.
  • “Optimal Pricing under Regulatory Constraints,” (with Paul Rappoport), Real Options Conference, 9th Annual International Conference, Paris, 22-25 June 2005.
  • “The Demand for Residential VoIP Services:  Implications for the Cable Industry,” (with Paul Rappoport) The Cable Center Academic Seminar Annual Conference, National Cable Television Association, San Francisco, CA, 2-3 April 2005
  • “The Demand for Residential VoIP Services Summary of Recent Research,” (with Lester D. Taylor, Paul Rappoport) International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies, Boulder, CO, 1-3 March 2005
  • “Household Demand for Wireless Telephony:  An Empirical Analysis” (with Paul Rappoport and Lester Taylor), Telecommunications Policy Research Conference 2003, Washington, DC, 21-22 September 2003. 
  • “Information Technology and Communications Financial Meltdown – Lessons for America,” International Conference on the Telecommunication Sector in Russia, Centre for Economic and Financial Research, Moscow, Russia, 27 June 2003. 
  • “A Decision-Making Criterion Incorporating Real Options,” (with Hirofumi Suto and Paul Rappoport), Proceedings of Bell University Laboratory Workshop, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 28 May 2003.
  • “Simple Decision-Making Criterion as Real Options,” (with Hirofumi Suto and Paul Rappoport), Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Intelligence for Financial Engineering (CIFEr2003), Hong Kong, 21-23 March 2003.
  • “Modeling Regulatory Distortions with Real Options:  An Empirical Analysis,” (with Paul Rappoport) Conference Proceeding of TPRC, The 30th Research Conference on Communication, Information and Internet Policy, Alexandria, Virginia, 28-30 September 2002.
  • “Regulatory Impediments to Network Resilience,” Conference Proceeding of International Telecommunications Society 14th Biennial Conference, Seoul, South Korea, 20 August 2002.
  • “Modelling Regulatory Distortions:  Empirical Results,” (with Paul Rappoport) Conference Proceeding of International Telecommunications Society 14th Biennial Conference, Seoul, South Korea, 19 August 2002.
  • “Modelling Regulatory Distortions with Real Options:  DSL versus Cable Modems,” (with Paul Rappoport) International Communications Forecasting Conference:  Telecom Forecasting, Markets, and Demand Analysis in an Uncertain Economy, San Francisco, CA, 26-28 June 2002.
  • “Empirical Estimates of Regulatory Distortions in a Dynamic, Uncertain World,” Conference Proceeding of Advanced Workshop in Regulation & Competition, Twenty-first Annual Eastern Conference, Newport, Rhode Island, 22- 24 May 2002.
  • "International Settlements: A Time for a Change" (with Barbara Sorce), Proceedings of the Global Networking '97 Conference, Calgary, Canada, 15 - 18 June 1997 ISO Press, Amsterdam, June 1997.  Reprinted in Telecommunications Transformation:  Technology, Strategy and Policy, Erik Bohlin and Sanford L. Levin (eds.), ISO Press, Amsterdam, pp. 189-201, 1998.
  • "The Myth of the Local Loop Bottleneck," The Proceedings of the 1982 Rate Symposium on Problems of Regulated Industries, Kansas City, Missouri, February 1982.