Rob
1. What is "tomography"?
Tomography is a technique of making detailed X-rays of a plane of a object.

2. How is a CT (or CAT) scan different from an X-ray picture?
These are different because many X-ray are used. These X-rays are taken of the same area at different angles which are then averaged to make a 3D image.

3. What is NMR and how does is it used in medicine?
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. This is a process of using a magnet to align all of the magnetic forces of matter then shooting a radio pulse into it and recording the realignment process. This is primarily used to determine between healthy and diseased tissue.

4. How are X-rays produced by atoms?
There are two ways. One is Bremsstrahlung and the other is k shell knockout. They both shoot an electron towards a piece of heavy metal. When the added electron reacts with the metal, the results are X-rays. 5. Explain how a CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human body.
The X-ray machine goes around the object being scanned and records shadows from many different angles. By averaging all of these images together a 3D model is created.

Melanie

1.What is tomography?
· Pictures of structures within the body, that can be created by a computer that takes the data from multiple X-ray images and turns them in pictures.

How is a Computed Tomography (CAT) scan different from an X-ray picture? ·
In a CT scan, a device automatically divides the anatomical territory into a grid of some 35,000square, each 1.5 millimeters by 1.5 millimeters; the computer determined the density of each square by collating all the rays that had passed through it, assigning a shade of gray to the value, and thus created a highly resolved black and white image.
· An X-ray picture is produced because X-rays are absorbed by bone and other dense structures, and they just pass through other softer tissues, creating a shadowgram on film.

What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and how is it used in medicine?
· when the nuclei of certain atoms are immersed in a static magnetic field and exposed to a second oscillating magnetic field. · Organic tissues possess a magnetic resonance signature. The magnetic fields of a hydrogen atom uniformly align themselves in a north-south magnetic dipole. They can be perturbed by shooting a pulse of ratio energy at them. The radio waves knock all the tiny atomic magnets off the north-south plumb, and cause them to emit small radio signals as they reorient themselves to the north-south axis. · Hydrogen atoms in the water of healthy tissue have a different relaxation rate than hydrogen atom in the water of cancerous tissue.

How are x-rays produced by atoms?
· Crooke’s tube, which was a glass envelope under high vacuum, with a wire element at one end forming the cathode, and a heavy copper target at the other end forming the anode. When a high voltage was applied to the electrodes, electrons formed at the cathode would be pulled towards the anode and strike the copper with very high energy. Roentgen discovered that very penetrating radiations were produced from the anode, which he called x-rays.

How does a CAT scan produce an image of a slice of the human body?
· The technique used in tomography is one that makes detailed x-rays of sectional views of the body such that images of structures before and after the plane are eliminated. Each plane records the density of the matter at a cross-sectional (axial) plane and stores the results in a binary computer file. A series of planes, assembled in order, renders the image of the scanned area and displays it with varying shades of color representing the densities found at each point.

Denny

what is tomography?
-tomography is the process of mapping a human body with the use of computer scanning. It is more detailed than X-ray and able to map the body with high detail and resolution. Tomography helps reduce invasive surgical exploration.

How is CT scan different from an X-ray picture?
- they differ in the amount of detail. CT scan provides better detail than X-ray. Because of shadowgram, X-ray does not differentiate the soft tissues in the human body. Heart and liver looks the same in X-ray. Also X-ray only produce two dimensional view of the body and exposed a person to ionizing radiation. CT does the opposite. Picture created is more detailed and no exposure to radiation.

What is NMR and how does it is used in medicine?
-NMR stands for Nuclear Magentic Resonance. Organic tissues in living things possess magnetic resonance signature that is unique like a fingerprint. The NMR caused the magnetic field in tissues to reorient themselves. A cancerous tissues reorient at different rate than healthy tissue. So NMR can be use to detect cancer.

How are X-rays produced by atoms?
-X-rays are produced by shooting high energy electrons into heavy atoms such as Tungsten. Upon reaching the nucleus of the Tungsten, the electrons lose energy by producing X-ray. The electron eventually slow down. This process is known as braking radiation.

Explain how a CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human body?
-basically a CAT scan take various X-ray of the human body. The scan take a 360 degree X-ray of the body. The computer computes all the data from the various X-ray angles. Each angle represent one slice and adding all slices together create a 3 dimensional picture of the body.

Amy

1.Tomography is a method of producing a 3 dimensional image of the internal structures of a solid object (like the human body or the earth).

2.CT's are 3 dimensional and X-rays are 2 dimensional pictures that cant distinguish a lot of things that CT's can.

3.NMR is a nuclear-magnetic-resonance which allows doctors to get a magnetic 3 deminsional reading of certain tissues, etc. to find cancerous tissues and/or other problems in animals and in humans.

4.Atoms emitt waves of different frequencies that project light as on an x-ray. An electron "gun" shoots electrons, such as Tungsten, at a target. Then, x-rays are developed by an atomic process induced by the energetic electrons shot at the target.

5.Computers interpret the x-ray shadows from many angles, so with various x-ray images and adding different shadows, computers get a slice of of a body or image.

Jose

1. Positron Emission Tomography (PET), in nuclear medicine, technique for imaging internal body tissues. PET requires a cyclotron as an on-site source of short-lived positron-emitting isotopes. The isotopes are injected into the patient along with a glucose-related compound, and the positrons collide with electrons in body tissues to produce photons. The photons are tracked by a tomographic scintillation counter, and the information is processed by a computer to provide both images and data on blood flow and metabolic processes within the tissues observed. PET scans are particularly useful for diagnosing brain tumors and the effect of strokes on the brain, along with various mental illnesses. They are also used in brain research and the mapping of brain functions.

2. A CAT scan (computerized axial tomography) is a method for making x-ray images of the interior of the body. The technique used in tomography is one that makes detailed x-rays of sectional views of the body such that images of structures before and after the plane are eliminated. Each plane records the density of the matter at a cross-sectional (axial) plane and stores the results in a binary computer file. A series of planes, assembled in order, renders the image of the scanned area and displays it with varying shades of color representing the densities found at each point.

3. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, technique developed separately in 1945 by American physicists Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell for the spectroscopic analysis of substances. In NMR, a substance is placed in a strong magnetic field that affects the spin of the atomic nuclei of certain isotopes of common elements. A radio wave passes through the substance then reorients these nuclei. When the wave is turned off, the nuclei release a pulse of energy that provides data on the molecular structure of the substance and that can be transformed into an image by computer techniques.

4. X rays are produced whenever high-velocity electrons strike a material object. Much of the energy of the electrons is lost in heat; the remainder produces X rays by causing changes in the target's atoms as a result of the impact. The X rays emitted can have no more energy than the kinetic energy of the electrons that produce them. Moreover, the emitted radiation is not monochromatic but is composed of a wide range of wavelengths with a sharp, lower wavelength limit corresponding to the maximum energy of the bombarding electrons.

5. By the technique of tomography, which makes detailed x-rays of sectional views or "slice" of the body such that images of structures before and after the plane are eliminated. Each plane records the density of the matter at a cross-sectional (axial) plane and stores the results in a binary computer file producing the "slice" of the human body.

Jeff

What is "tomography"?
Tomography is the process of using a computer to put together a three dimentional image of anything, but primarialy the human body by using information obtained from mesureing the amount of time it takes a gamma ray to pass through a certain part of the target. A huge amount of imformation from a full 'scan' of the target is put into a computer to make the image- a map of the target, both inside and out.

How is a CT (or CAT) scan different from an X-ray picture?
An X-ray just sends an X-ray though a target, and mesures the rays when they come through. The denser stuctures (like bones) do not allow as many rays to pass through, so they show as bing darker. The CAT scans mesure how much time it taks the gamma rays to pass though the structures, and uses this to show them. The different types of stuctures can be determined, because it takes the ray different amounts of time to go through differnt types of stuctures (for example, tumors show up in brain tissue, where with a X-ray they would be blocked by the brain, since the X-rays wouldn't make it though to where the tumor is).

What is NMR and how does is it used in medicine?
Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance; a method of lining up the axii of all spinning particlues in the target (like atoms) then disturbing them, and watching them go back to unidirectionality. By determining how they returen to thier original axis, each atom can be mapped, and a full 3-dimentional picture can be made of the target. This also shows all structers and can distinguish between them, because each different type of structure has a different time to regain unidirectionality (although no one knows why this is). For that reason it is good for determining problems in medicin. It is also not very dangerous for the patient, as opposed to getting injected with raioactive isotopes and such.

How are X-rays produced by atoms?
When high energy electrons are shot at a hevy atom such as tungstun, the atoms release an X-ray wave in just the same ways diffent atoms emitt different colors when hit with high energy electrons.

Explain how a CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human body. does is it used in medicine?
The CAT scan makes a X-ray picture from one side only. This image is stretched and the object is rotated and the procese is continued. When all of the X-ray pictures overlap, a slice of the scanned object is shown. All of these slices can be put together to make the whole object. Ofcourse, the more slices, the better detail.

Brian

What is "tomography"?
Tomography is a technique of shooting a beam of x-rays is through a predetermined plane of an object.

How is a CT (or CAT) scan different from an X-ray picture?
A CT scan differs from an x-ray picture because x-rays are not able to distinguish between soft tissues, they make two dimensional views of the terrain, and they subject living matter to ionizing radiation, while a CT scan makes three-dimensional cross sections and doesn’t expose living matter to excessive radiation

What is NMR and how does is it used in medicine?
NMR, or nuclear magnetic resonance, is a process that aids in distinguishing between healthy and tumorous living tissue. No clear understanding exists behind the principles of NMR -- only that unhealthy tissue has a different magnetic field than healthy tissue.

How are X-rays produced by atoms?
There are two different atomic processes that can produce x-ray photons. One is called Bremsstrahlung and the other is called K-shell emission. Bremsstrahlung explains that when the velocity of the electron shot at a tungsten atom changes, the electron slows down after swinging around the nucleus of a tungsten atom and loses energy by radiating x-rays. The K-shell is the lowest energy state of an atom. An incoming electron can knock a k-shell electron out of its energy state, causing a tungsten electron of higher energy (from an outer shell) to fall into the K-shell. The energy lost by the falling electron shows up in an emitted x-ray photon.

Explain how a CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human body ?
A CAT scan uses a computer to interpreting the x-ray shadows from many angles. A CAT scan machine rotates around in a circle and sends out x-rays, while the person being CAT scanned lies still.

Josi

1. What is tomography?
Tomography is a way to map soft tissue inside a body. The CT encircles the body and shoots very tiny x rays from different points of the circle and thus establishes density and structure.

2. How is a CT(or CAT) scan different from an X-ray picture?
A CT is different from an X-ray because it is 100 times more sensitive than the X-ray and also because an X-ray does not distuinguish between soft tissues it produces only a 2 dimensional view of the body. An X-ray also subjects an individual to ionizined radiation whereas a CT does not.

3.What is NMR and how is it used in medicine?
An NMR or neuclear-magnetic-resonance is the same thing as what we now call the MRI. It pulses the body with magnetic waves and then radio waves that emit small chirps which are picked up by a sensitive recceiver. When the radio waves begin to relax and go to the normal state they do so at different rates. Waves in cancerous cells relax differently and thus cancer can be found. The NMR is better than both the CT and X-ray in finding diseased tissue.

4. How are X-rays produced by atoms?
X-rays are produced through two different atomic processes. As we have learned before different atoms give off different colors on the color spectrum. An x-ray can be produced in parcels of energy called photons which is just like light. The two processes are called Bremsstrahlung and K-shell emission. In Bremsstrahlung the electron starts to slow down and loses energy by radiating x-rays. A lot of photons are produce and it emits an x-ray. The K-shell process is the lowest state of energy for an atom. A higher energy electron can then fall into the shell and the energy its has lost shows up in an x-ray photon. K-shell produces higher intensity x-rays.

5. Explain how a CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice"of the human body.
CAT scans take multiple x-rays from different angles to produce slices of the body.

Alison

1.) What is "tomography"?
Tomography is the mapping of internal tissues and creating a three dimensional image of it, and is mainly used to map human bodies. Tomography uses x-rays to detect different densities of tissues, and records them into an interpretable picture. These measurements are made outside of the patient, and considered to be a noninvasive technique.

2.) How is a CT scan different from an X-ray picture?
An x-ray picture is one picture of an object taken from one angle. A CT scan is essentially numerous pictures, taken with x-ray photography, however the photos are all overlaid together to create a "slice" of the object. A CT scanner rotate in a circle around the subject, taking pictures from different angle of the "slice" that it is interested in, and then moves on to the next section for pictures for the next "slice". The main difference between an x-ray and the CT scan is that the x-ray is a picture of one angle and the CT scan collects numerous angles of pictures to create one picture.

3.) What is NMR and how is it used in medicine?
NMR is Nulear-Magnetic-Resonance. It is the idea that everything that contains an atom can create a magnetic field around it. Every type of atom has a different properties. The NMR was able to detect these differences. The NMR was able to distinguish between different types of tissues, specifically as a fingerprint would. The NMR first was created in 1946 and was originally used for analytical chemistry and physics, but turned out to be revolutionary in the medical field. Today, the MRI is used.

4.) How are x-rays produced by atoms? X-rays are produced by two different means. The first way an atom is produced is when a high velocity electron strikes an atom. Some energy is lost in heat production, however remainder of the energy is transferred into x-rays. These x-rays never have more kinetic energy than the energy of the electrons that produce them. The second way x-rays are produces, called the K-shell, is when an electron from the outer most shell of an atom is knocked off by another electron and energy is lost. The lost energy is in the form of an x-ray photon being emitted from the disturbed atom.

5.) Explain how a CT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of a human body.
A CT scan can produce a "slice" of a human body by taking numerous pictures from many different angles of the body. Essentially, the person lies on a table and is placed inside a very large tube like structure. There is a camera that rotates around the tube in one circle and take pictures of the "slice" in question. The photographs from one "slice" are then combined to create a photograph of the complete "slice". The table then move very slightly forward, so that a new "slice" can be photographed. It is a very slow and tedious procedure, but the results are incredibly informational. Mike

1. What is "tomography?"
Tomography is a way of obtaining a 3d imagine of something (primarily the human body) through sending gamma rays or x-rays at a object from various points and using a computer to see internal variations of density to infer structure.

2. How is CT (or CAT) scan different from an X-ray picture?
A CAT scan is different from an X-ray picture becaus an X-ray produces just a 2 dimensional picture that does not distinguish between soft tissues and are subject to ionizing radiation.

3. What is NMR and how does is it used in medicine?
An NMR (nuclear-magnetic-resonance)uses a magnet to align up hydrogen atom, then shooting a pulse of radio energy at it and seeing how they reorientate themselves. It is a way to distinguish healty tissue from cancerous tissue.

4.How are X-rays produced by atoms?
X-rays are produced by atoms through shooting high energy electrons at a heavy atom such as tungstun. The atoms release an X-ray waves. This is just like the color spectrum where different atoms emitt different colors when hit with high energy electrons.

5. Explain how a CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human body?
A CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human body by taking mutilple X-rays ciruling the body, then stacking them all up to get a full 3D picture.

Ryan
1. -Tomography is a process of taking x-rays in order to map a given plane of the body.

2. A CAT scan is different from a normal x-ray because it takes multiple x-rays and uses them to produce a cross-sectional x-ray view.

3. NMR is a type of imaging which doesn't use radiation to gather the information, but instead measures the magnetic resonance of tissue and bone. This is safer than radiation.

4. -X-rays are produced when an electron is shot into an atom, knocking one of the atom's electrons out, as a result the atom in the higher orbit must drop down to fill the space left. When it drops down it emits energy in the form of x-rays.

5. A CAT scan can produce an image of a slice of the human body by taking multiptle x-rays as it rotates around a section of the body. If each of these x-ray bands are streched and placed on top of each other, then a "slice" as if viewed from above can be seen.

Jon
1. Tomography is the process of mapping the human body by using x-ray images. There are different types of tomography however each is a process of mapping the human body.

2. A CT scan is different than a x-ray because it takes x-rays in a 360 degree area, and then takes the images and combines them together to produce an overhead view of the body. An x-ray is not capable of producing a 3D images because it is only a single image.

3. NMR stands for nuclear magnetic resonance. It is the process of using magnetics to align the atoms of a molecule in a pattern from north to south. Then a pulse of radio energy would be shot at the aligned atoms breaking them up and sending out radio signals which can be read. This process is used in medicine to detect cancerous tumor cells in a human.

4. X-rays are produced when an electron gun shoots high energy electrons at a heavy atom such as Tungsten. When the electrons hit the atom x-rays are given off because of the atomic processes caused by the electrons hitting the atom. The x-rays are radiation, in which the photon energy creates light. By lighting certain areas we are able to see images through the absorption of the x-rays in the body.

5. A cat scan is able to produce an image of a slice of the human body by collaborating images from a 360 degree x-ray perspective. When the absorption of these images are put together we are given a view from over the top. It creates the perspective that you are seeing it as a slice of the body.

Marcos
.What is tomography?
It's a technique of mapping one's body better than X-rays can.

2. How is a Computed Tomography (CAT) scan different from an X-ray picture? ·
A CAT scan is able to detect soft tissue and not only bones, like x-rays.

3. What is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and how is it used in medicine?
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance is used in medicine by detecting diferente kinds of tissues by their own singular magnetic resonance signature. That way a cancerous tissue can be singled out from other healthy tissues, for example.

4. How are X-rays produced by atoms?
To produce X-rays, atoms in high velocity are needed to collide with solid objects.

5. Explain how a CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human body?
CAT Scans are actually several layers of x-rays wich are computed and later transformed in a computer to a 3-D image. The computer measures the amount of x-rays absorbed by different tissues and body parts and assigns them different shades of gray, thus creating a 3D image.

Mike
1. What is "tomography?"
Tomography is a way of obtaining a 3d imagine of something (primarily the human body) through sending gamma rays or x-rays at a object from various points and using a computer to see internal variations of density to infer structure.

2. How is CT (or CAT) scan different from an X-ray picture?
A CAT scan is different from an X-ray picture becaus an X-ray produces just a 2 dimensional picture that does not distinguish between soft tissues and are subject to ionizing radiation.

3. What is NMR and how does is it used in medicine?
An NMR (nuclear-magnetic-resonance)uses a magnet to align up hydrogen atom, then shooting a pulse of radio energy at it and seeing how they reorientate themselves. It is a way to distinguish healty tissue from cancerous tissue.

4.How are X-rays produced by atoms?
X-rays are produced by atoms through shooting high energy electrons at a heavy atom such as tungstun. The atoms release an X-ray waves. This is just like the color spectrum where different atoms emitt different colors when hit with high energy electrons.

5. Explain how a CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human
body? A CAT scan can produce an image of a "slice" of the human body by taking mutilple X-rays ciruling the body, then stacking them all up to get a full 3D picture.

Shayla
1) Tomagraphy is a way to get a visual "map" of the inside of the body or brain.

A ct scan is different because it is 100 x as sensitive and is less dangerous in teerms of radiation. It can get images based on the densities of what it is looking at not just bone vs skin lke the x-ray

An NMR is a nuclear magnetic resonance imaging device.. TI gets images from the magnetic field of aligned atoms that are disturbed in order to give off a readable radio wave.

X rays are produced by shooting electrons at a target made of heavy atoms and out pops an x-ray wave.

Cat scans get slices by taaking a picture of different sides of something-stratching them out-and putting them all together on a computer.