Wichita Grammar
David S. Rood
p. 257
The sample text presented below was chosen from among several because it is better understood than most and it contains a variety of tense, person, number, and adverbial forms, including some impressively long polysynthetic constructions. Moreover, it is a cute story, and was narrated smoothly and in good literary style (cf. the number of participles indicating parallel activity, the lack of 'fillers' or hesitation forms such as ickiriʔ and ka:kiriʔ which abound in conversation, and the paucity of events told out of order).
The format consists of five lines, plus footnote comments. The lines contain the following information:
A tape recording of this text is on deposit with the American Philosophical Library in Philadelphia.
Web-Page note 1: Sometimes the Wichita morphological analysis line (c) and the corresponding gloss line (d) are too long for presentation in a single line on the web page. In such cases extension lines a', b', c' and d', corresponding to a, b, c and d respectively, are used to continue the lines. This may make reading the material a little more difficult but it was necessary for the web-page formatting.
Web-Page note 2: The sound recording of this text has been digitized and is accessible in MP3 form on this website. You can view the transcript with sound by clicking here.
Web-Page note 3: Within the body of the text and the end-notes oaccasional reference is made to a paragraph in the grammar (David S. Rood, Wichita Grammar, 1976), where the particular sentence or its morphemic structure is extensively discussed. The complete 1976 grammar is not yet available on our website.
[This text is 95 lines long.]
Turtle, Buffalo, and Coyote
| Wichita Grammar (1976) | |||||
| pp. 257-269 | |||||
| 1. | a. | ka:ʔa:ʔa:kó:kha:rʔa | |||
| b. | Once upon a time | ||||
| c. | ka:ʔ | a:ʔ | a: | ki | |
| c.' | wakhahr | ʔa | |||
| d. | new topic | quotative | 3rd person with preverb | aorist | |
| d.' | activity | come | |||
| 2. | a. | kíkʔi:s | khiʔas | kiyakihiteʔecaki | |
| b. | turtle | poor thing | he was sitting at the edge, they say. | ||
| c. | kíkʔi:s | khiʔas | kiya | ki | |
| c.' | hita | ʔicaki | |||
| d. | turtle | poor | quotative + 3rd person | 1 | |
| d.' | edge | sit | |||
| 3. | a. | kiya:kiʔi:khíyaʔa | hakihiʔiyaskwah. | ||
| b. | he was wishing, they say | to go across the water. | |||
| c. | kiya | a: | ki | uʔikhiyaʔa | |
| c.' | ha...ki | hiʔiyas1 | wa | h | |
| d. | 2 | preverb | 1 | wish | |
| d.' | subjunctive | cross water | go, perf. | subordinate | |
| 4. | a. | "ka:kiyaʔ2 | isí:ʔa! | ||
| b. | Somebody | come! | |||
| c. | ka: | kiyaʔ | i | s | |
| c.' | uy | ʔa | |||
| d. | indefinite | person | imperative | 2nd person | |
| d.' | preverb | come | |||
| 5. | a. | iskirhiʔiyaskwa!" | |||
| b. | Take me across the water! | ||||
| c. | i | s | kiʔ | ri | |
| c.' | hiʔiyas | wa | |||
| d. | 4 | 4 | 1st person object | portative | |
| d.' | 3 | 3 | |||
| 6. | a. | ka:ʔa:ʔa:kíhi:ʔiké:sʔa | né:rhirʔa | ||
| b. | then along down in came | buffalo | |||
| c. | ka:ʔ | a:ʔ | a: | ki | |
| c.' | hi:ʔike:s | ʔa | né:rhir | ʔa | |
| d. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| d.' | ditch down into | come | buffalo bull | noun formant | |
| 7. | a. | a:ko:kʔa | "a::h | neʔewá:r! | |
| b. | He said, | "Hey, | friend! | ||
| c. | a:ʔ | ki | wakʔa | a::h | |
| c.' | neʔewá:r | ||||
| d. | 1 | 1 | say | interjection | |
| d.' | vocative term of pseudo-friendship usually used by Coyote | ||||
| 8. | a. | é:kiriʔ3 | ha:waʔ | nasí:wakharakʔas ?" | |
| b. | "What | then | are you talking about?" | ||
| c. | é: | kiriʔ | ha:waʔ | ra | |
| c.' | s | u | wakharakʔa | s | |
| d. | question | thing | then | interrogative indicative | |
| d.' | 4 | 3 | talk about | impf. | |
| 9. | a. | "tatí:ʔikhiyaʔa | hakihiʔiyaskwah," | a:ko:kʔa. | |
| b. | "I am wishing | to cross the water," | he said. | ||
| c. | ta | t | u | ʔikhiyaʔa | |
| c.' | hakihiʔiyaskwah | a:ki-wakʔa | |||
| d. | indicative | 1st person subject | 3 | 3 3 | |
| d.' | 7 | ||||
| 10. | a. | "tiʔrih | híriʔ | iskiteʔe:ki | |
| b. | "Here | then | sit on top | ||
| c. | tiʔi | -hirih | hiriʔ4 | i | |
| c.' | s | kita | ʔi:ki | ||
| d. | this | locative | in that case | 4 | |
| d.' | 4 | top | sit down | ||
| 11. | a. | nackwi:rʔicʔírih5," | a:ko:kʔa | né:rhirʔa. | |
| b. | Where my shoulder is," | said | Buffalo. | ||
| c. | na | t | wi:r-ʔic | ʔi | |
| c.' | -hirih | a:ki-wakʔa | né:rhirʔa | ||
| d. | participle | 9 | shoulder = be arm-head | 10 | |
| d.' | 7 | 6 | |||
| 12. | a. | a:ko:kʔa | kíkʔi:s | "kíriʔ! | keʔesawi:rʔictakwi; |
| b. | said | turtle, | "No! | You will shake your shoulder; | |
| c. | a:ki-wakʔa | kíkʔi:s | kíriʔ! | keʔe | |
| c.' | s | a6 | wi:rʔic | takwi | |
| d. | 7 | 2 | No! | future | |
| d.' | 4 | unexplained | 11 | shake, jerk | |
| 13. | a. | keʔeskiha:hanniwihi." | "háʔwi:ʔ | híriʔ | |
| b. | You will throw me into the water." | "Okay, | then | ||
| c. | keʔe | s | kiʔ | ha: | |
| c.' | hirahr-riwihi | haʔawi:ʔ | híriʔ | ||
| d. | 12 | 4 | 5 | water | |
| d.' | throw down | interjection | 10 | ||
| 14. | a. | natí:ʔarihkiteʔerʔí:ʔarikírih | |||
| b. | Where my horns stick out on top | ||||
| c. | na | t | uy | ʔarik | |
| c.' | ru7 | kita | ʔirʔí: | ʔariki | |
| c.' | hirih | ||||
| d. | 11 | 9 | possessive | horn | |
| d.' | plural | 10 | protrude | stand | |
| d.' | 11 | ||||
| 15. | a. | harah | isteʔerhí:kawa." | a:ko:kʔa, | "kíriʔ ! |
| b. | There | go into the brush. | He replied, | "No! | |
| c. | harah | i | s | teʔerhi:ka | |
| c.' | wa a:ki-wakʔa | kíriʔ | |||
| d. | There | 4 | 4 | brush | |
| d.' | 3 | 7 | 12 | ||
| 16. | a. | á::h, | kíriʔ! | keʔesé:cʔiriyari | hinníʔ |
| b. | Oh, | No! | You will shake your head | and | |
| c. | a::h | kiriʔ | keʔe | s | |
| c.' | a | ʔic8 | ʔiriyari | ||
| c.' | hinniʔ | ||||
| d. | 7 | 12 | 12 | 4 | |
| d.' | 12 | head | go randomly | and | |
| 17. | a. | keʔeskiha:hanniwihi." | "á::h, | ti:ctawi::ʔi! | |
| b. | You will throw me into the water | "Oh, | it's hard! | ||
| c. | keʔe-s-kiʔ-ha:-hirahr-riwihi | á::h | ti | uc | |
| c.' | tawi::ʔi | ||||
| d. | 13 | 7 | indicative 3rd person | preverb | |
| d.' | be difficult | ||||
| 18. | a. | háʔwi:ʔ, | híriʔ, | iskawa, | natíriʔiskirikʔírih." |
| b. | Ok, | then, | go in | where my anus is." | |
| c. | haʔawi:ʔ | hiriʔ | i | s | |
| c.' | ka | wa | na | t | |
| c.' | uy | riʔis | kirik | ʔi | |
| c.' | hirih | ||||
| d. | 13 | 10 | 4 | 4 | |
| d.' | in | 3 | 11 | 9 | |
| d.' | 14 | buttocks | hole | 11 | |
| d.' | 11 | ||||
| 19. | a. | hiriwaʔ | na:hissah | harah | a:kikawa. |
| b. | Then | going, | there | he went into it. | |
| c. | hiriwaʔ | na | a9 | hisha | |
| c.' | h | harah | a:ʔ | ki | |
| c.' | ka | wa | |||
| d. | then | participle | unanalyzed | go, impf. | |
| d.' | 3 | 15 | 1 | 1 | |
| d.' | 18 | 3 | |||
| 20. | a. | hiriwaʔ nakhissah | harah | waʔ | naka:ʔicakih |
| b. | then going in, | there | now | sitting inside | |
| c. | hiriwaʔ | na | ka | hisha | |
| c.' | h | harah | waʔ | na | |
| c.' | ka: | ʔicaki | h | ||
| d. | 19 | 19 | 18 | 19 | |
| d.' | 3 | 15 | already now | 19 | |
| d.' | inside | 2 | 3 | ||
| 21. | a. | a:kihiʔiyaskwa. | hiriwaʔ | nahité:tiskih | |
| b. | he went across the water. | Then | when he was getting onto the bank | ||
| c. | a:ʔ | ki | hiʔiyas | wa | |
| c.' | hiriwaʔ | na | hita | iti | |
| c.' | skih | ||||
| d. | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | |
| d.' | 19 | 19 | 2 | exit | |
| d.' | subordinate imperfective | ||||
| 22. | a. | nahiʔiyassissah, | "haʔawí:ro:ʔ | é:ka:ʔ10 | hiriwaʔ |
| b. | after crossing the water | "Okay, then | now where (is it) | then | |
| c. | na | hiʔiyas | hisha | haʔawi:ʔ | |
| c.' | hiriʔ | waʔ | é: | ka:ʔ | |
| c.' | hiriwaʔ | ||||
| d. | 19 | 3 | 19 | 13 | |
| d.' | 10 | 20 | 8 | place | |
| d.' | 19 | ||||
| 23. | a. | kiyakí:ctawi::ʔi | hiriwaʔ | hako:citih. | |
| b. | It was hard for him | then | to get out. | ||
| c. | kiya | ki | uc | tawi::ʔi | |
| c.' | hiriwaʔ | ha...ki | wac | iti | |
| c.' | h | ||||
| d. | 2 | 1 | 17 | 17 | |
| d.' | 19 | 3 | out(side) | 21 | |
| d.' | 3 | ||||
| 24. | a. | a:kiʔírakhann | kíkʔi:s | á:kiwicka:ʔa, | |
| b. | Suddenly, | turtle | thought, | ||
| c. | a:ʔ | ki | ʔirakhann11 | kíkʔi:s | |
| c.' | a:ʔ | ki | wicka:ʔa | ||
| d. | 1 | 1 | unanalyzed | 2 | |
| d.' | 1 | 1 | think (= say to onesself) | ||
| 25. | a. | "tiʔi | híriʔ | ickaʔac!" | ka:kiriʔáre:rʔi |
| b. | "this | then | let me eat it!" | He didn't know what it was | |
| c. | tiʔi | híriʔ | i | t | |
| c.' | kaʔac | ka: | kiriʔ | i | |
| c.' | a...re:R | ʔi | |||
| d. | 10 | 10 | 4 | 9 | |
| d.' | eat, transitive | indefinite | 8 | inchoative | |
| d.' | unknown | 11 | |||
| 26. | a. | nakaʔacskih | nako:ke:hárih. | ||
| b. | that he was eating | deep inside him. | |||
| c. | na | kaʔac | skih | na | |
| c.' | ko:ka | yiha | hirih | ||
| d. | 11 | 25 | 21 | 11 | |
| d.' | deep inside | be a place | 11 | ||
| 27. | a. | chiʔá:kiʔi:rakhárisʔí:ʔ | né:rhirʔa | a:ki:weʔehi. | |
| b. | All at once | Buffalo | fell over. | ||
| c. | chiʔ | a:kiʔí:rakhahr | isʔi:ʔ | né:rhirʔa | |
| c.' | a:ʔ | ki | iweʔehi | ||
| d. | still | 24 | unanalyzed | 6 | |
| d.' | 1 | 1 | fell over. | ||
| 28. | a. | hiriwaʔ | kíkʔi:s | wéraʔ | nakaʔacskih |
| a.' | harah | ||||
| b. | then | turtle | maybe | while he was eating | |
| b.' | there | ||||
| c. | hiriwaʔ | kikʔi:s | wéraʔ | nakaʔacskih | |
| c.' | harah | ||||
| d. | 19 | 2 | inferential | 26 | |
| d.' | 15 | ||||
| 29. | a. | a:kó:citi. | nawacitiskih, | ||
| b. | he went out. | After he went out, | |||
| c. | a:ʔ | ki | wac | iti | |
| c.' | na | wac | iti | skih | |
| d. | 1 | 1 | 23 | 23 | |
| d.' | 11 | 23 | 23 | 21 | |
| 30. | a. | kiyaki:cíwa:cé:rhirʔasʔirhawi. | |||
| b. | there was the big buffalo lying there. | ||||
| c. | kiya | ki | uc | Riwa:c | |
| c.' | re:hirʔa | s | ʔirhawi | ||
| d. | 2 | 1 | preverb | big | |
| d.' | 6 | incorporating element | lie | ||
| 31. | a. | hiriwaʔ | no:kʔáskih | á:kihirʔa:hi. | |
| b. | then | saying | he stopped | ||
| c. | hiriwaʔ | na | wakʔa | skih | |
| c.' | a:ʔ | ki | hirʔa:hi | ||
| d. | 19 | 11 | 7 | 21 | |
| d.' | 1 | 1 | come to a stop | ||
| 32. | a. | "á::ʔ | ka:kiye | isa:cta:haraʔa ! | |
| b. | "Hey! | Somebody | bring your knife! | ||
| c. | á::ʔ | ka:-kiyaʔ | i | s | |
| c.' | a: | uc | ta:ha | ri | |
| c.' | ʔa | ||||
| d. | 7 | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
| d.' | reflexive | dative | knife | 5 | |
| d.' | 4 | ||||
| 33. | a. | a:cí:ré:rhirʔastariyari | tariyari!"12 | ||
| b. | Butcher the buffalo! | butcher!" | |||
| c. | a | uc | í:R | ne:rhirʔa | |
| c.' | s | tar | iyari | tariyari | |
| d. | 32 | 32 | polite | 6 | |
| d.' | 30 | cut | randomly | 33 | |
| 34. | a. | a:kiʔí:rakhann | kʔíta:ks | ka:ʔa:ʔa:kiriya:sʔa. | |
| b. | Suddenly | Coyote | along came the old one. | ||
| c. | aki-ʔi:rakhar-r | kʔíta:ks | ka:ʔ | a:ʔ | |
| c.' | a: | ki | riya:s | ʔa | |
| d. | 24 | coyote | 1 | 1 | |
| d.' | 1 | 1 | old | 1 | |
| 35. | a. | "é:si:ʔ | há:waʔ | neʔewá:rʔ" | "e:h! |
| b. | "What is (the matter) | then | friend?" | "Oh! | |
| c. | é: | si:ʔ | ha:waʔ | neʔewá:r | |
| c.' | a:h | ||||
| d. | 8 | activity | 8 | 7 | |
| d.' | 7 | ||||
| 36. | a. | tata:cta:rhaskis; | ka:kiriʔ | ʔatí:ʔi | |
| b. | I have killed me a buffalo; | nothing | I have it | ||
| c. | ta | t | a | uc | |
| c.' | ta:rha | s | ki | s | |
| c.' | ka: | kiriʔ | ʔa | t | |
| c.' | uy | ʔi | |||
| d. | 9 | 9 | 32 | 32 | |
| d.' | buffalo cow | 30 | kill | 8 | |
| d.' | negative | 8 | negative indicative | 9 | |
| d.' | 14 | 11 | |||
| 37. | a. | hiriwaʔ13 | hakitariyarih." | a:ko:kʔa | kʔíta:ks |
| b. | with it | to butcher him | said | Coyote | |
| c. | hiriwaʔ | ha...ki | tar-iyari | h | |
| c.' | a:ki-wakʔa | kʔíta:ks | |||
| d. | instrumental pronounʔ | 3 | 33 | 3 | |
| d.' | 7 | 34 | |||
| 38. | a. | "haʔwi:ʔ. | ita:ceʔí:riye:sʔakhi:wa, | hinniʔ | |
| b. | "OK. | Let me go after my children first, | and | ||
| c. | haʔwi:ʔ | i | t | a: | |
| c.' | uc | reʔí:R | riye:s | ʔak | |
| c.' | hi:wa | hinniʔ | |||
| d. | 13 | 4 | 9 | 32 | |
| d.' | 32 | first | child | plural patient | |
| d.' | fetch | 16 | |||
| 39. | a. | kiʔictariyari." | "haʔwi:ʔ" | hiriwa:ʔ | |
| b. | afterwards, let me butcher." | "OK." | then | ||
| c. | kiʔi | t | tariyari | haʔwi:ʔ | |
| c.' | hiriwa:ʔ | ||||
| d. | future imperative | 9 | 33 | 13 | |
| d.' | 19 | ||||
| 40. | a. | na:hissah14 | hinniʔ | í:kaʔakire:ʔí:tariyari | |
| b. | he was going | and | they two had butchered first. | ||
| c. | na-a-hisha-h | hinniʔ | í: | kaʔ | |
| c.' | a...ki | re:ʔí:R | tar-iyari | ||
| d. | 19 | 16 | dual | quotative | |
| d.' | aorist | 38 | 33 | ||
| 41. | a. | kʔíta:ks | wéraʔ | hasʔa:ʔákicita:heʔeh. | |
| b. | coyote | must | he had his knife with him. | ||
| c. | kʔíta:ks | wéraʔ | hasʔ | a:ʔ | |
| c.' | a: | ki | uc | i | |
| c.' | ta:ha | ʔahi | |||
| d. | 34 | 28 | narrative | 1 | |
| d.' | 32 | 1 | 32 | extra vowel | |
| d.' | 32 | have along | |||
| 42. | a. | a:kiriwá:::::cʔarasʔí:rʔari:k15 | |||
| b. | He piled up a great big amount of meat. | ||||
| c. | a:ʔ | ki | Riwa:c | ʔaras | |
| c.' | ʔi:ri | ʔariki | iki | ||
| d. | 1 | 1 | 30 | meat | |
| d.' | protrude | stand | cause | ||
| 43. | a. | hiro:ʔ | kʔíta:ks | á:ko:kʔa | "haʔwi:ʔ ; |
| a.' | ití:ceʔé:rhi:wa16 | ||||
| b. | then | Coyote | said, | "OK; | |
| b.' | Let me first go after her | ||||
| c. | hiriwaʔ | kʔita:ks | a:ki-wakʔa | haʔwi:ʔ | |
| c.' | i | t | uc | reʔi:R | |
| c.' | hi:wa | ||||
| d. | 19 | 34 | 7 | 13 | |
| d.' | 4 | 9 | 32 | 34 | |
| d.' | 38 | ||||
| 44. | a. | nati:ʔakʔih | hinniʔ | niye:s | natí:kih." |
| b. | my wife | and | child | my plural." | |
| c. | na-t-uy-ʔak-ʔi-h | hinniʔ | niye:s | na-t-uy-iki-h | |
| d. | 11-9-14-wife-14-3 | 16 | 38 | 11-9-14-be.plural-3 | |
| 45. | a. | ka:ʔ | híriwaʔ | niʔírhissah | kʔíta:ks |
| a.' | na:hissah | ||||
| b. | So | then | going off | Coyote | |
| b.' | going along | ||||
| c. | ka:ʔ | híriwaʔ | na iʔí:R17 | hisha-h | |
| c.' | kʔíta:ks | na-a-hisha-h | |||
| d. | 1 | 19 | 11 | in a direction | |
| d.' | 19 | 34 | 19 | ||
| 46. | a. | é::h, | ka:kiyáki:his. | a:kiʔí:rakhánn | |
| b. | Oh, | he was going along, far away. | Suddenly | ||
| c. | á::h | ka:ʔ | kiya | ki | |
| c.' | i:R 17 | hisha | a:ʔ-ki-ʔí:rakhánn | ||
| d. | 7 | far off | 3 | 1 | |
| d.' | in a direction | 19 | 24 | ||
| 47. | a. | híriwaʔ | ha:waʔ | wéraʔ | na:ciriye:sʔakhirʔí:raskih. |
| b. | then | too | I guess | he found his children. | |
| c. | híriwaʔ | ha:waʔ | wéraʔ | na-uc-i | |
| c.' | riye:s | ʔak | hirʔi | ʔiras | |
| c.' | kih | ||||
| d. | 19 | also | 28 | 11-32-41 | |
| d.' | 38 | 38 | patient is animate | find | |
| d.' | 21 | ||||
| 48. | a. | ti:ʔ | a:ʔákire:wa:r | kíkʔi:s. | hinniʔ |
| b. | At once | he set to work | turtle. | and | |
| c. | ti:ʔ | a:ʔ | a | ki | |
| c.' | re:wa:ri | kíkʔi:s | hinniʔ | ||
| d. | at once | 1 | 32 | 1 | |
| d.' | begin work | 2 | 16 | ||
| 49. | a. | wá:cʔarʔa | a:ko:kʔa, | "é:kiriʔ | há:waʔ, |
| a.' | neʔewá:rʔ" | ||||
| b. | Squirrel | said | "What (is it) | then, | |
| b.' | friend?" | ||||
| c. | wá:cʔarʔa | a:ki-wakʔa | é:kiri, | há:waʔ | |
| c.' | neʔewá:r | ||||
| d. | squirrel | 7 | 8 | 8 | |
| d.' | 7 | ||||
| 50. | a. | kiyakiriwa:cá:hkwi | |||
| b. | There was a big tree | ||||
| c. | kiya | ki | Riwa:c | ya:k | |
| c.' | ri | wi | |||
| d. | 2 | 1 | 30 | wood | |
| d.' | plural | stand upright | |||
| 51. | a. | hassiya:rhiʔí:rika:wih | |||
| b. | with a branch hanging down over | ||||
| c. | has | na | ya:k | ri | |
| c.' | ʔí:ri | ka:wi | h | ||
| d. | permanently | 11 | 50 | 50 | |
| d.' | 42 | hang down | 3 | ||
| 52. | a. | nare:he:hárih. | (See example 395 in Chapter 3 for a full semantic structure diagram of this sentence.) | ||
| b. | where the creek is. | ||||
| c. | na | re:R | ha: | yiha | |
| c.' | hirih | ||||
| d. | 11 | the | 13 | 26 | |
| d.' | 11 | ||||
| 53. | a. | "tatí:ʔi:khíyaʔa | tiʔi | ʔaras | hatakiccare:hih." |
| b. | "I want | this | meat | for me to put mine up on top." | |
| c. | tatí:ʔi:khíyaʔa | tiʔi | ʔaras | ha | |
| c.' | t | a: | ki | uc | |
| c.' | ca | re:hi | h | ||
| d. | 9 | 10 | 42 | 3 | |
| d.' | 9 | 32 | 3 | 32 | |
| d.' | surface | put plural object | 3 | ||
| 54. | a. | a:ko:kʔa | wa:cʔarʔa, | "haʔwiʔ. | itactate:ti." |
| b. | said | Squirrel | "OK. | Let me help you." | |
| c. | a:ki-wakʔa | wa:cʔarʔa | haʔwi:ʔ | i | |
| c.' | t | a | uc | tate:ti | |
| d. | 49 | 13 | |||
| d.' | 2nd person object | preverb | help | ||
| 55. | a. | wa:cʔarʔa | kiya:kiriwa:cʔarasarikitaʔahí:riks | ||
| b. | Squirrel | He brought the big quantity of meat up to the top, repeatedly | |||
| c. | wa:cʔarʔa | kiya | a: | ki | |
| c.' | Riwa:c | ʔaras | ra | ri | |
| c.' | kita | ʔa | hi:riks | ||
| d. | 49 | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| d.' | 30 | 42 | patient plural | 5 | |
| d.' | 10 | 1 | iterative | ||
| 56. | a. | niya:hkwírih. | hí::raka:h18 | ||
| b. | where the tree is. | Far off | |||
| c. | na | ya:k | ri | wi | |
| c.' | hirih | hi:raka:h | |||
| d. | 11 | 50 | 50 | 50 | |
| d.' | 10 | intensive | |||
| 57. | a. | a:kiriwa:cʔárascare:hi. | híriwa:ʔ | kʔíta:ks | |
| b. | he put the big quantity of meat on top. | then | Coyote | ||
| c. | a:ʔ | ki | Riwa:c | ʔaras | |
| c.' | ca | re:hi | híriwa:ʔ | kʔíta:ks | |
| d. | 1 | 1 | 30 | 42 | |
| d.' | 53 | 53 | 19 | 34 | |
| 58. | a. | na:ʔaskih | niye:s | kiyako:khátataʔariki | |
| b. | coming | child | they were following | ||
| c. | na-a:-ʔa-skih | niye:s | kiya | ki | |
| c.' | wakhahr | tata | ʔariki | ||
| d. | 11-1-1-21 | 38 | 2 | 1 | |
| d.' | collective patient with motion verb | follow | stand | ||
| 59. | a. | hinniʔ | naré:ʔakʔih. | nachissʔaskih | |
| b. | and | his wife | when they arrived | ||
| c. | hinniʔ | na | re:R | ʔak | |
| c.' | ʔi | h | na | uc | |
| c.' | hiss | ʔa | skih | ||
| d. | 16 | 11 | the | 43 | |
| d.' | 11 | 3 | 11 | preverb with plural of motion verb | |
| d.' | arrive | 1 | 21 | ||
| 60. | a. | í:ya:h! | ká:kiriʔ | kiyaki:ʔi. | "é:h! |
| b. | Oh! My! | nothing | there was. | "Oh! | |
| c. | í:yá:h! | ká: | kiriʔ | kiya | |
| c.' | ki | i | ʔi | á:h | |
| d. | interjection | 36 | 8 | 2 | |
| d.' | 1 | 41 | 11 | 7 | |
| 61. | a. | ká:kiriʔ | wati:ʔi | é:ka:ʔ wéraʔ | |
| b. | nothing | there is left | I wonder where he is? | ||
| c. | ka: | kiriʔ | waʔ | ti | |
| c.' | i | ʔi | é: | ka:ʔ | |
| c.' | wéraʔ | ||||
| d. | 36 | 8 | 20 | 17 | |
| d.' | 41 | 11 | 8 | 22 | |
| d.' | 28 | ||||
| 62. | a. | té:riya:h | icihirʔí:rasih! | ||
| b. | He better watch out | if I find him! | |||
| c. | ti a:riya:h19 | i | t | i | |
| c.' | hirʔi | ʔirasi | h | ||
| d. | 17 | watch out | conditional | 9 | |
| d.' | preverb | 47 | 47 | 3 | |
| 63. | a. | néʔaʔ kiyaki:cha:ris | kʔíta:ks. | ||
| b. | he was growing angry | Coyote | |||
| c. | néʔaʔ | kiya | ki | uc | |
| c.' | hahris | kʔíta:ks | |||
| d. | bad | 2 | 1 | preverb | |
| d.' | become angry | 34 | |||
| 64. | a. | khiʔas | niye:s | nire:rʔih | |
| b. | poor | child | the plural | ||
| c. | khiʔas | niye:s | na | iy | |
| c.' | re:R | ʔi | h | ||
| d. | 2 | 38 | 11 | indefinite subject | |
| d.' | the | 11 | 3 | ||
| 65. | a. | khiʔaski:kihanteʔerʔas | |||
| b. | poor ones were licking the ground | ||||
| c. | khiʔas | kiya | iy | ki | |
| c.' | hirahr | teʔerʔa | s | ||
| d. | 2 | 2 | 64 | 1 | |
| d.' | ground | lick | 8 | ||
| 66. | a. | wa:cka:riksʔa | na:ckitawa:hah. | ||
| b. | blood clots | those scattered around. | |||
| c. | wa:c | ka:riksʔa20 | na | uc | |
| c.' | awa: | kitha | h | ||
| d. | blood | lump | 11 | preverb | |
| d.' | distributive | be scattered | 3 | ||
| 67. | a. | a:kiʔí:rakhann | a:kiʔickhité:s | nare:he:hárih | |
| b. | Suddenly | he peeked over the edge | of the creek | ||
| c. | a:ki-ʔi:rakhar-r | a:ʔ | ki | ʔicka | |
| c.' | hita | hisha | na-re:R-ha:-yiha-hirih | ||
| d. | 24 | 1 | 1 | face, instrumental | |
| d.' | 2 | 19 | 52 | ||
| 68. | a. | niya:rhiʔi:rika:wírih. | wéraʔ | chiyaré:sirih | |
| b. | Where the branch hung down over it. | It seemed | in plain sight | ||
| c. | na-ya:k-ri-ʔi:ri-ka:wi-hirih wéraʔ | chiyaré:sirih | |||
| d. | 11-50-50-42-51-11 | 28 | |||
| 69. | a. | kirikiyakirhare:sʔi, | hinniʔ | ||
| b. | They were deep in the water, | and | |||
| c. | kiri | kiya | ki | r21 | |
| c.' | ha: re:hi | s | ʔi | hinniʔ | |
| d. | deep, intensive | 2 | 1 | preverb | |
| d.' | 13 | 53 | 8 | resultative | |
| d.' | 16 | ||||
| 70. | a. | hi:ríka:ʔ | i:ye:h | akwithaʔ. | "há:riʔ |
| a.' | iskiriheʔecaki! | ||||
| b. | way off | all the time they were | above. | "He | |
| b.' | is sitting in water! | ||||
| c. | hi:raka:h | i | iy | yiha | |
| c.' | akwithaʔ | ha:riʔ | iskiri | ha: | |
| c.' | ʔicaki | ||||
| d. | 5622 | durative | 64 | 26 | |
| d.' | above | that | exclmatory | 13 | |
| d.' | 2 | ||||
| 71. | a. | hí:raka:h | iskirihí:keʔecaki!" | niye:s | |
| b. | way off | he is sitting down in!" | child | ||
| c. | hí:raka:h | iskiri | hi: | ka | |
| c.' | ʔicaki | niye:s | |||
| d. | 56 | 70 | 6 | 18 | |
| d.' | 2 | 38 | |||
| 72. | a. | nire:rʔih. | "té:riya:h!" | ||
| b. | [it was] the plural. | "He better watch out;" | |||
| c. | na-iy-re:R-ʔi-h | ti-a:riya:h | |||
| d. | 64 | 62 | |||
| 73. | a. | a:ʔákiciye:sʔakwa:ri, | "háʔwi:ʔ | ||
| b. | He told his children, | "OK. | |||
| c. | a:ʔ | a: | ki | uc | |
| c.' | riye:s | ʔak | wa:ri | háʔwi:ʔ | |
| d. | 1 | 32 | 1 | 32 | |
| d.' | 38 | 38 | tell | 13 | |
| 74. | a. | ika:ʔ | tiʔi | hiʔiski:cikiwiki | |
| b. | rock | this | you all tie it around my neck | ||
| c. | ika:ʔ | tiʔi | hiʔ | i | |
| c.' | s | kiʔ | uc | riki | |
| c.' | wi | iki | |||
| d. | rock | 25 | non-singular | 4 | |
| d.' | 4 | 5 | 32 | back, neck; instrumental | |
| d.' | 50 | 42 | |||
| 75. | a. | hinniʔ | hiʔiskiha:hanniwihi. | ||
| b. | and | throw me in the water. | |||
| c. | hinniʔ | hiʔ | i | s | |
| c.' | kiʔ | ha: | hirahr-riwihi | ||
| d. | 16 | 74 | 4 | 4 | |
| d.' | 5 | 13 | 13 (See also example 3-397.) | ||
| 76. | a. | ha:rí:h23 | hárah | keʔeckwisskwa | naheʔecakírih." |
| b. | where he is | there | I will go + arrive | where he is sitting in the water." | |
| c. | ha:riʔ | yiha | harah | keʔe | |
| c.' | t | wiss24 | wa | na | |
| c.' | ha: | ʔicaki | hirih | ||
| d. | 70 | 26 | 15 | 21 | |
| d.' | 9 | arrive | 3 | 11 | |
| d.' | 13 | 2 | 11 | ||
| 77. | a. | í:ʔí:h! | ikaʔaki:cíwa:cʔika:rikiwiki. | ||
| b. | Oh! Alas! | They put a big rock around his neck. | |||
| c. | í:ʔí:h! | í: | kaʔ | a...ki | |
| c.' | uc | Riwa:c | ʔika: | riki | |
| c.' | wi | iki | |||
| d. | interjection | 40 | 40 | 40 | |
| d.' | 32 | 30 | 74 | 74 | |
| d.' | 50 | 74 | |||
| 78. | a. | a:ʔákiciye:sʔakwa:ri, | "ha:s | ʔata:cʔa | |
| b. | He told his children, | "if | manure | ||
| c. | a:ʔ-a-ki-uc-riye:s-ʔak-wa:ri | ha:s | ʔata:cʔa | ||
| d. | 73 | if | manure | ||
| 79. | a. | wahácshiceʔerʔáskih | |||
| b. | when they come to the surface | ||||
| c. | waʔ | hi | a: | uc | |
| c.' | r | hi: | ca | ʔir | |
| c.' | ʔa | skih | |||
| d. | 20 | conditional | 1 | 59 | |
| d.' | collective | 71 | 53 | direction | |
| d.' | 1 | 21 | |||
| 80. | a. | wahí:cshiceʔeriya:skih | |||
| b. | When they are floating around | ||||
| c. | waʔ | hi | uc | r | |
| c.' | hi: | ca | ʔiriyahr | skih | |
| d. | 20 | 79 | 59 | 79 | |
| d.' | 79 | 53 | randomly | 21 | |
| 81. | a. | keʔesa:kʔi:kha:rʔ | né:rhirʔaská:hkaks | ||
| b. | You will know | the buffalo intestine | |||
| c. | keʔe | s | ra:k | ʔi:kha:rʔ25 | |
| c.' | né:rhirʔa | s | ka:hkaks | ||
| d. | non-third person plural | know | |||
| d.' | 6 | 30 | intestine | ||
| 82. | a. | waʔaracackaʔaskih | hinniʔ | issiriʔ | |
| b. | They have been cut open | and | that kind | ||
| c. | waʔ | ara | r | tackaʔas | |
| c.' | iki | hinniʔ | issiriʔ | ||
| d. | 20 | perfect | 79 | burst open | |
| d.' | 74 | 16 | that kind | ||
| 83. | a. | ke:ʔiki | né:rhirʔasʔata:cʔa." | haʔwi:ʔ | híriwa:ʔ |
| b. | they will be | buffalo manure." | OK. | then | |
| c. | keʔe | iki | ne:rhirʔa | s | |
| c.' | ata:cʔa | haʔwi:ʔ | hiriwa:ʔ | ||
| d. | 12 | 44 | 6 | 30 | |
| d.' | 78 | 13 | 19 | ||
| 84. | a. | hiri:cʔika:ríkiwiskih | hinni, | hiraha:hanniwiskih | |
| b. | They, tying a rock around his neck | and | throwing him in the water | ||
| c. | hiʔ | na | iy | uc | |
| c.' | ika: | riki | wi | skih | |
| c.' | hinniʔ | hiʔ | na | ha:hanniwi | |
| c.' | skih | ||||
| d. | 74 | 11 | 64 | 32 | |
| d.' | 74 | 74 | 50 | 21 | |
| d.' | 16 | 74 | 11 | 13 | |
| d.' | 21 | ||||
| 85. | a. | khiʔas | wéraʔ | a:kihí:ko:teʔes | |
| b. | poor thing | I guess | he drowned | ||
| c. | khiʔas | wéraʔ | a:ʔ | ki | |
| c.' | hi:ko: | teʔes26 | |||
| d. | 2 | 28 | 1 | 1 | |
| d.' | deep inside | die | |||
| 86. | a. | kíkʔi:s | hinniʔ | wá:cʔarʔa, | "hí:ró:h! |
| b. | Turtle | and | Squirrel | "Ha! Ha! | |
| c. | kikʔi:s | hinni, | wá:cʔarʔa | hí:ró:h | |
| d. | 2 | 16 | 49 | interjection | |
| 87. | a. | ariya:cʔiʔássi:sha:hanniwih! | ariya:ciʔiʔassi:ssiyakʔaw." | ||
| b. | They threw their father in the water! | They killed their father!" | |||
| c. | ara | iy | a: | uc | |
| c.' | ʔiʔassi:s | ha:hanniwihi | ariya:c | i | |
| c.' | ʔiʔassi:s | riyakʔaw | |||
| d. | 82 | 64 | 32 | 32 | |
| d.' | father | 13 | 87 | preverb | |
| d.' | 87 | kill27 | |||
| 88. | a. | ka:kí:kiciwa:cʔiriki | niye:s | hinniʔ | |
| b. | Then they cried greatly | child | and | ||
| c. | ka:ʔ | kiya | iy28 | ki | |
| c.' | uc | Riwa:c | ʔiriki | riye:s | |
| c.' | hinniʔ | ||||
| d. | 1 | 2 | 64 | 1 | |
| d.' | preverb | 30 | cry | 38 | |
| d.' | 16 | ||||
| 89. | a. | wiʔiyacʔasa:sko:raraʔe:ya:k | |||
| b. | Mrs. Coyote | ||||
| c. | This name for Coyote's wife was translated 'female dog with stiff | ||||
| d. | hair on the back of the neck', but attempts at analysis to verify | ||||
| 90. | a. | ka:khiʔáskiyakiʔicíʔiriki. | |||
| b. | poor thing was crying. | ||||
| c. | ka:ʔ | khiʔas | kiya | ki | |
| c.' | uc | i | ʔiriki | ||
| d. | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |
| d.' | 88 | 41 | 88 | ||
| 91. | a. | a:ki:cé:ʔero:ckwa | ni:ckwakhárissah | ||
| b. | They left | going along | |||
| c. | a:ʔ | ki | uc | aʔiriwac | |
| c.' | wa | na-iy-uc-wakhahr-hisha-h | |||
| d. | 1 | 1 | 59 | depart | |
| d.' | 3 | 11-64-59-58-19-3 | |||
| 92. | a. | ni:ri:há:skih. | ísaʔ | tikitawisʔi. | |
| b. | mourning | thus | it is that way. | ||
| c. | na | iy | iri:ha: | skih | |
| c.' | ísaʔ | ti | kita | wi | |
| c.' | s | ʔi | |||
| d. | 11 | 64 | mourn | 21 | |
| d.' | thus | 9 | 10 | 49 | |
| d.' | 8 | 68 | |||
| 93. | a. | ka:ʔa:wakhárʔas | kʔíta:ks | í:ri:ha:ss | |
| b. | There are times | coyote | they mourn | ||
| c. | ka:ʔ | a: | wakhahr | ʔa | |
| c.' | s | kʔíta:ks | i | iy | |
| c.' | iri:ha: | :ss | |||
| d. | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| d.' | 8 | 34 | 70 | 64 | |
| d.' | 92 | generic | |||
| 94. | a. | híriwa:ʔ | hi:wasʔa | ní:ʔi | (For a complete semantic structure diagram of this sentence, see example 3-369.) |
| b. | Then | the very ones | they are | ||
| c. | hiriwa:ʔ | hi:wasʔa | na | iy | |
| c.' | ʔi | ||||
| d. | 19 | principal | 11 | 64 | |
| d.' | 11 | ||||
| 95. | a. | keʔiyákicʔíʔassi:shí:ko:teʔesíkih. | |||
| b. | who drowned their father, they say. | ||||
| c. | kaʔ | iy | a: | ki | |
| c.' | uc | ʔiʔassi:s | hí:ko: | teʔes | |
| c.' | iki | h | |||
| d. | 40 | 64 | 32 | 1 | |
| d.' | 32 | 87 | 85 | 85 | |
| d.' | 42 | 3 | |||
Notes and Comments:
1. hiʔiyas may be a bound root like 'follow' (3.3.2, D14), since it occurs with other motion verbs, or it may be a location (3.3.2, D7) like hita.
2. Cf. Section 5.2, rule M3.
3. Cf. Section 5.2, rule M3.
4. Compare Chapter 5, rules W1 and w16.
5. This is the location noun required by D8 in 3.3.2. See ex. 394 in Chpt. 3
6. This might be a reflexive with an unmarked "possessive" but the need for it here versus its absence in 11 is unexplained.
7. See Chapter 5, rule M7, position 19 (p. 225).
8. Compare the formation of shoulder in example 11 and the discussion of instrumental body parts in Chapter 2.
9. This vowel is truly a mystery; compare this form with others of the same verb in 20 and 22, where it is absent. Only the presence of the location marker characterizes 20 and 22 vs 19, yet nothing about these markers in other verbs causes parallel changes.
10. See Section 5.2, rule M3.
11. This is probably based on a variation of the root wakhahr 'be an activity; happen', but the exact composition is unclear.
12. This quotation is really a song, though the speaker recited rather than singing the words in this story. The analysis of the prefixes in the first form of 33 is tentative.
13. This is the only instance in any texts of this use of hiriwaʔ and I was unable to clarify it. Perhaps it is the conjunction 'then', meaning something like 'so that' here; perhaps it is another form like isaʔ, issiriʔ, etc. (see 5.2, m4 ), representing 'instrumental'.
14. This is an error in the narration; cf. the next two sentences.
15. The extra length in the middle of this word is for emphasis. Compare line 56.
16. Compare line 38.
17. These analyses are uncertain.
18. Again, length is used for emphasis; cf. line 42. p. 267
19. This verb is defective, occurring only in the indicative. It takes active subjects (tasé:riya:h 'you better watch out') and is also translated 'dare' but with the English subject of 'dare' unexpressed: tasé:riya:h 'I dare you' or 'he dared you'.
20. Attempts to elicit other examples of this morpheme were fruitless; consequently 'lump' is merely a guess at a gloss.
21. The identification of this morpheme is uncertain; it might be an additional indication of 'plural patient', or it might be 'portative', but that is unexpected here.
22. The difference between hi:raka:h and hi:raka:h is uncertain.
23. This sentence is discussed as example 47 in Chapter Five. Since that discussion was written, I have been wondering about (1) the difference between ha:riʔ (line 70 of this text) and ha:ri:h (here) and (2) rule T62 (Section 4.13) and its application to the analysis in Chapter Five of ha:ri:h as the location noun of rule D8. It now seems that ha:riʔ + yiha, as expected if rules D8 and T62 are both obligatory, would give ha:ri:h by regular phonological rules, thus confirming the analysis offered as the second alternative for example 5-47.
24. The difference between hiss (59) 'arrive' and wiss 'arrive' sometimes seems to be that hiss means 'arrive there' and wiss 'arrive here'; but either morpheme can occur with either 'come' or 'go', and this meaning distinction does not seem to hold in the examples in this text. The difference between them is thus uncertain.
25. This is my only record of this root. Perhaps it is a variation of iwakhahr 'think, know'.
26. This verb root is a taboo word, never used of people and rarely used anywhere except in specialized compounds such as 'drown' (here) or kakicteʔes 'be thirsty' 'die from dryness'.
27. The difference between ki (line 36) and this root is not clear.
28. See line 65 for another instance of kiya-iy > kí:.
The following is a free translation of this text; line numbers inserted here correspond to those used in the analysis above, although exact correspondences are occasionally impossible.