Wichita Grammar
David S. Rood
p. 257
The sample text presented below was chosen from among several because it is better understood than most and it contains a variety of tense, person, number, and adverbial forms, including some impressively long polysynthetic constructions. Moreover, it is a cute story, and was narrated smoothly and in good literary style (cf. the number of participles indicating parallel activity, the lack of 'fillers' or hesitation forms such as ickiriʔ and ka:kiriʔ which abound in conversation, and the paucity of events told out of order).
The format consists of two lines. The lines contain the following information:
Turtle, Buffalo, and Coyote
| Wichita Grammar (1976) | ||||||
| pp. 257-269 | ||||||
| 1. | a. | ka:ʔa:ʔa:kó:kha:rʔa | ||||
| b. | Once upon a time | |||||
| 2. | a. | kíkʔi:s | khiʔas | kiyakihiteʔecaki | ||
| b. | turtle | poor thing | he was sitting at the edge, they say. | |||
| 3. | a. | kiya:kiʔi:khíyaʔa | hakihiʔiyaskwah. | |||
| b. | he was wishing, they say | to go across the water. | ||||
| 4. | a. | "ka:kiyaʔ | isí:ʔa! | |||
| b. | Somebody | come! | ||||
| 5. | a. | iskirhiʔiyaskwa!" | ||||
| b. | Take me across the water! | |||||
| 6. | a. | ka:ʔa:ʔa:kíhi:ʔiké:sʔa | né:rhirʔa | |||
| b. | then along down in came | buffalo | ||||
| 7. | a. | a:ko:kʔa | "a::h | neʔewá:r! | ||
| b. | He said, | "Hey, | friend! | |||
| 8. | a. | é:kiriʔ | ha:waʔ | nasí:wakharakʔas ?" | ||
| b. | "What | then | are you talking about?" | |||
| 9. | a. | "tatí:ʔikhiyaʔa | hakihiʔiyaskwah," | a:ko:kʔa. | ||
| b. | "I am wishing | to cross the water," | he said. | |||
| 10. | a. | "tiʔrih | híriʔ | iskiteʔe:ki | ||
| b. | "Here | then | sit on top | |||
| 11. | a. | nackwi:rʔicʔírih ," | a:ko:kʔa | né:rhirʔa. | ||
| b. | Where my shoulder is," | said | Buffalo. | |||
| 12. | a. | a:ko:kʔa | kíkʔi:s | "kíriʔ! | keʔesawi:rʔictakwi; | |
| b. | said | turtle, | "No! | You will shake your shoulder; | ||
| 13. | a. | keʔeskiha:hanniwihi." | "háʔwi:ʔ | híriʔ | ||
| b. | You will throw me into the water." | "Okay, | then | |||
| 14. | a. | natí:ʔarihkiteʔerʔí:ʔarikírih | ||||
| b. | Where my horns stick out on top | |||||
| 15. | a. | harah isteʔerhí:kawa." | a:ko:kʔa, | "kíriʔ ! | ||
| b. | There go into the brush. | He replied, | "No! | |||
| 16. | a. | á::h, | kíriʔ! | keʔesé:cʔiriyari hinníʔ | ||
| b. | Oh, | No! | You will shake your head and | |||
| 17. | a. | keʔeskiha:hanniwihi." | "á::h, | ti:ctawi::ʔi! | ||
| b. | You will throw me into the water | "Oh, | it's hard! | |||
| 18. | a. | háʔwi:ʔ, | híriʔ, | iskawa, | natíriʔiskirikʔírih." | |
| b. | Ok, | then, | go in | where my anus is." | ||
| 19. | a. | hiriwaʔ | na:hissah | harah | a:kikawa. | |
| b. | Then | going, | there | he went into it. | ||
| 20. | a. | hiriwaʔ nakhissah | harah | waʔ | naka:ʔicakih | |
| b. | then going in, | there | now | sitting inside | ||
| 21. | a. | a:kihiʔiyaskwa. | hiriwaʔ | nahité:tiskih | ||
| b. | he went across the water. | Then | when he was getting onto the bank | |||
| 22. | a. | nahiʔiyassissah, | "haʔawí:ro:ʔ | é:ka:ʔ | hiriwaʔ | |
| b. | after crossing the water | "Okay, then | now where (is it) | then | ||
| 23. | a. | kiyakí:ctawi::ʔi | hiriwaʔ | hako:citih. | ||
| b. | It was hard for him | then | to get out. | |||
| 24. | a. | a:kiʔírakhann | kíkʔi:s | á:kiwicka:ʔa, | ||
| b. | Suddenly, | turtle | thought, | |||
| 25. | a. | "tiʔi | híriʔ | ickaʔac!" | ka:kiriʔáre:rʔi | |
| b. | "this | then | let me eat it!" | He didn't know what it was | ||
| 26. | a. | nakaʔacskih | nako:ke:hárih. | |||
| b. | that he was eating | deep inside him. | ||||
| 27. | a. | chiʔá:kiʔi:rakhárisʔí:ʔ | né:rhirʔa | a:ki:weʔehi. | ||
| b. | All at once | Buffalo | fell over. | |||
| 28. | a. | hiriwaʔ | kíkʔi:s | wéraʔ | nakaʔacskih | harah |
| b. | then | turtle | maybe | while he was eating | there | |
| 29. | a. | a:kó:citi. | nawacitiskih, | |||
| b. | he went out. | After he went out, | ||||
| 30. | a. | kiyaki:cíwa:cé:rhirʔasʔirhawi. | ||||
| b. | there was the big buffalo lying there. | |||||
| 31. | a. | hiriwaʔ | no:kʔáskih | á:kihirʔa:hi. | ||
| b. | then | saying | he stopped | |||
| 32. | a. | "á::ʔ | ka:kiye | isa:cta:haraʔa ! | ||
| b. | "Hey! | Somebody | bring your knife! | |||
| 33. | a. | a:cí:ré:rhirʔastariyari | tariyari!" | |||
| b. | Butcher the buffalo! | butcher!" | ||||
| 34. | a. | a:kiʔí:rakhann | kʔíta:ks | ka:ʔa:ʔa:kiriya:sʔa. | ||
| b. | Suddenly | Coyote | along came the old one. | |||
| 35. | a. | "é:si:ʔ | há:waʔ | neʔewá:rʔ" | "e:h! | |
| b. | "What is (the matter) | then | friend?" | "Oh! | ||
| 36. | a. | tata:cta:rhaskis; | ka:kiriʔ | ʔatí:ʔi | ||
| b. | I have killed me a buffalo; | nothing | I have it | |||
| 37. | a. | hiriwaʔ | hakitariyarih." | a:ko:kʔa | kʔíta:ks | |
| b. | with it | to butcher him | said | Coyote | ||
| 38. | a. | "haʔwi:ʔ. | ita:ceʔí:riye:sʔakhi:wa, | hinniʔ | ||
| b. | "OK. | Let me go after my children first, | and | |||
| 39. | a. | kiʔictariyari." | "haʔwi:ʔ" | hiriwa:ʔ | ||
| b. | afterwards, let me butcher." | "OK." | then | |||
| 40. | a. | na:hissah | hinniʔ | í:kaʔakire:ʔí:tariyari | ||
| b. | he was going | and | they two had butchered first. | |||
| 41. | a. | kʔíta:ks | wéraʔ | hasʔa:ʔákicita:heʔeh. | ||
| b. | coyote | must | he had his knife with him. | |||
| 42. | a. | a:kiriwá:::::cʔarasʔí:rʔari:k | ||||
| b. | He piled up a great big amount of meat. | |||||
| 43. | a. | hiro:ʔ | kʔíta:ks | á:ko:kʔa | "haʔwi:ʔ ; | ití:ceʔé:rhi:wa |
| b. | then | Coyote | said, | "OK; | Let me first go after her | |
| 44. | a. | nati:ʔakʔih | hinniʔ | niye:s | natí:kih." | |
| b. | my wife | and | child | my plural." | ||
| 45. | a. | ka:ʔ | híriwaʔ | niʔírhissah | kʔíta:ks | na:hissah |
| b. | So | then | going off | Coyote | going along | |
| 46. | a. | é::h, | ka:kiyáki:his. | a:kiʔí:rakhánn | ||
| b. | Oh, | he was going along, far away. | Suddenly | |||
| 47. | a. | híriwaʔ | ha:waʔ | wéraʔ | na:ciriye:sʔakhirʔí:raskih. | |
| b. | then | too | I guess | he found his children. | ||
| 48. | a. | ti:ʔ | a:ʔákire:wa:r | kíkʔi:s. | hinniʔ | |
| b. | At once | he set to work | turtle. | and | ||
| 49. | a. | wá:cʔarʔa | a:ko:kʔa, | "é:kiriʔ | há:waʔ, | neʔewá:rʔ" |
| b. | Squirrel | said | "What (is it) | then, | friend?" | |
| 50. | a. | kiyakiriwa:cá:hkwi | ||||
| b. | There was a big tree | |||||
| 51. | a. | hassiya:rhiʔí:rika:wih | ||||
| b. | with a branch hanging down over | |||||
| 52. | a. | nare:he:hárih. | ||||
| b. | where the creek is. | |||||
| 53. | a. | "tatí:ʔi:khíyaʔa | tiʔi | ʔaras | hatakiccare:hih." | |
| b. | "I want | this | meat | for me to put mine up on top." | ||
| 54. | a. | a:ko:kʔa | wa:cʔarʔa, | "haʔwiʔ. | itactate:ti." | |
| b. | said | Squirrel | "OK. | Let me help you." | ||
| 55. | a. | wa:cʔarʔa | kiya:kiriwa:cʔarasarikitaʔahí:riks | |||
| b. | Squirrel | He brought the big quantity of meat up to the top, repeatedly | ||||
| 56. | a. | niya:hkwírih. | hí::raka:h | |||
| b. | where the tree is. | Far off | ||||
| 57. | a. | a:kiriwa:cʔárascare:hi. | híriwa:ʔ | kʔíta:ks | ||
| b. | he put the big quantity of meat on top. | then | Coyote | |||
| 58. | a. | na:ʔaskih | niye:s | kiyako:khátataʔariki | ||
| b. | coming | child | they were following | |||
| 59. | a. | hinniʔ | naré:ʔakʔih. | nachissʔaskih | ||
| b. | and | his wife | when they arrived | |||
| 60. | a. | í:ya:h! | ká:kiriʔ | kiyaki:ʔi. | "é:h! | |
| b. | Oh! My! | nothing | there was. | "Oh! | ||
| 61. | a. | ká:kiriʔ | wati:ʔi | é:ka:ʔ wéraʔ | ||
| b. | nothing | there is left | I wonder where he is? | |||
| 62. | a. | té:riya:h | icihirʔí:rasih! | |||
| b. | He better watch out | if I find him! | ||||
| 63. | a. | néʔaʔ kiyaki:cha:ris | kʔíta:ks. | |||
| b. | he was growing angry | Coyote | ||||
| 64. | a. | khiʔas | niye:s | nire:rʔih | ||
| b. | poor | child | the plural | |||
| 65. | a. | khiʔaski:kihanteʔerʔas | ||||
| b. | poor ones were licking the ground | |||||
| 66. | a. | wa:cka:riksʔa | na:ckitawa:hah. | |||
| b. | blood clots | those scattered around. | ||||
| 67. | a. | a:kiʔí:rakhann | a:kiʔickhité:s | nare:he:hárih | ||
| b. | Suddenly | he peeked over the edge | of the creek | |||
| 68. | a. | niya:rhiʔi:rika:wírih. | wéraʔ | chiyaré:sirih | ||
| b. | Where the branch hung down over it. | It seemed | in plain sight | |||
| 69. | a. | kirikiyakirhare:sʔi, | hinniʔ | |||
| b. | They were deep in the water, | and | ||||
| 70. | a. | hi:ríka:ʔ | i:ye:h | akwithaʔ. | "há:riʔ | iskiriheʔecaki! |
| b. | way off | all the time they were | above. | "He | is sitting in water! | |
| 71. | a. | hí:raka:h | iskirihí:keʔecaki!" | niye:s | ||
| b. | way off | he is sitting down in!" | child | |||
| 72. | a. | nire:rʔih. | "té:riya:h!" | |||
| b. | [it was] the plural. | "He better watch out;" | ||||
| 73. | a. | a:ʔákiciye:sʔakwa:ri, | "háʔwi:ʔ | |||
| b. | He told his children, | "OK. | ||||
| 74. | a. | ika:ʔ | tiʔi | hiʔiski:cikiwiki | ||
| b. | rock | this | you all tie it around my neck | |||
| 75. | a. | hinniʔ | hiʔiskiha:hanniwihi. | |||
| b. | and | throw me in the water. | ||||
| 76. | a. | ha:rí:h | hárah | keʔeckwisskwa | naheʔecakírih." | |
| b. | where he is | there | I will go + arrive | where he is sitting in the water." | ||
| 77. | a. | í:ʔí:h! | ikaʔaki:cíwa:cʔika:rikiwiki. | |||
| b. | Oh! Alas! | They put a big rock around his neck. | ||||
| 78. | a. | a:ʔákiciye:sʔakwa:ri, | "ha:s | ʔata:cʔa | ||
| b. | He told his children, | "if | manure | |||
| 79. | a. | wahácshiceʔerʔáskih | ||||
| b. | when they come to the surface | |||||
| 80. | a. | wahí:cshiceʔeriya:skih | ||||
| b. | When they are floating around | |||||
| 81. | a. | keʔesa:kʔi:kha:rʔ | né:rhirʔaská:hkaks | |||
| b. | You will know | the buffalo intestine | ||||
| 82. | a. | waʔaracackaʔaskih | hinniʔ | issiriʔ | ||
| b. | They have been cut open | and | that kind | |||
| 83. | a. | ke:ʔiki | né:rhirʔasʔata:cʔa." | haʔwi:ʔ | híriwa:ʔ | |
| b. | they will be | buffalo manure." | OK. | then | ||
| 84. | a. | hiri:cʔika:ríkiwiskih | hinni, | hiraha:hanniwiskih | ||
| b. | They, tying a rock around his neck | and | throwing him in the water | |||
| 85. | a. | khiʔas | wéraʔ | a:kihí:ko:teʔes | ||
| b. | poor thing | I guess | he drowned | |||
| 86. | a. | kíkʔi:s | hinniʔ | wá:cʔarʔa, | "hí:ró:h! | |
| b. | Turtle | and | Squirrel | "Ha! Ha! | ||
| 87. | a. | ariya:cʔiʔássi:sha:hanniwih! | ariya:ciʔiʔassi:ssiyakʔaw." | |||
| b. | They threw their father in the water! | They killed their father!" | ||||
| 88. | a. | ka:kí:kiciwa:cʔiriki | niye:s | hinniʔ | ||
| b. | Then they cried greatly | child | and | |||
| 89. | a. | wiʔiyacʔasa:sko:raraʔe:ya:k | ||||
| b. | Mrs. Coyote | |||||
| 90. | a. | ka:khiʔáskiyakiʔicíʔiriki. | ||||
| b. | poor thing was crying. | |||||
| 91. | a. | a:ki:cé:ʔero:ckwa | ni:ckwakhárissah | |||
| b. | They left | going along | ||||
| 92. | a. | ni:ri:há:skih. | ísaʔ | tikitawisʔi. | ||
| b. | mourning | thus | it is that way. | |||
| 93. | a. | ka:ʔa:wakhárʔas | kʔíta:ks | í:ri:ha:ss | ||
| b. | There are times | coyote | they mourn | |||
| 94. | a. | híriwa:ʔ | hi:wasʔa | ní:ʔi | ||
| b. | Then | the very ones | they are | |||
| 95. | a. | keʔiyákicʔíʔassi:shí:ko:teʔesíkih. | ||||
| b. | who drowned their father, they say. | |||||