Wichita Narratives
Project for the Documentation of Endangered Languages



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Wichita Grammar
David S. Rood
p. 257

TEXT ANALYSIS [2-Tier]

The sample text presented below was chosen from among several because it is better understood than most and it contains a variety of tense, person, number, and adverbial forms, including some impressively long polysynthetic constructions. Moreover, it is a cute story, and was narrated smoothly and in good literary style (cf. the number of participles indicating parallel activity, the lack of 'fillers' or hesitation forms such as ickiriʔ and ka:kiriʔ which abound in conversation, and the paucity of events told out of order).

The format consists of two lines. The lines contain the following information:

  •     line a: The Wichita surface structure form, punctuated parallel to its English counterpart.

  •     line b: A free translation of the form.


    Turtle, Buffalo, and Coyote

    Wichita Grammar (1976)
    pp. 257-269
     
    1.a.ka:ʔa:ʔa:kó:kha:rʔa
    b.Once upon a time
     
    2.a.kíkʔi:skhiʔaskiyakihiteʔecaki
    b.turtlepoor thinghe was sitting at the edge, they say.
     
    3.a.kiya:kiʔi:khíyaʔahakihiʔiyaskwah.
    b.he was wishing, they sayto go across the water.
     
    4.a."ka:kiyaʔisí:ʔa!
    b.Somebodycome!
     
    5.a.iskirhiʔiyaskwa!"
    b.Take me across the water!
     
    6.a.ka:ʔa:ʔa:kíhi:ʔiké:sʔané:rhirʔa
    b.then along down in camebuffalo
     
    7.a.a:ko:kʔa "a::hneʔewá:r!
    b.He said,"Hey,friend!
     
    8.a.é:kiriʔha:waʔnasí:wakharakʔas ?"
    b."Whatthenare you talking about?"
     
    9.a."tatí:ʔikhiyaʔahakihiʔiyaskwah,"a:ko:kʔa.
    b."I am wishingto cross the water,"he said.
     
    10.a."tiʔrihhíriʔiskiteʔe:ki
    b."Herethensit on top
     
    11.a.nackwi:rʔicʔírih ,"a:ko:kʔa né:rhirʔa.
    b.Where my shoulder is,"saidBuffalo.
     
    12.a.a:ko:kʔa kíkʔi:s"kíriʔ!keʔesawi:rʔictakwi;
    b.saidturtle,"No!You will shake your shoulder;
     
    13.a.keʔeskiha:hanniwihi.""háʔwi:ʔ híriʔ
    b.You will throw me into the water.""Okay,then
     
    14.a.natí:ʔarihkiteʔerʔí:ʔarikírih
    b.Where my horns stick out on top
     
    15.a.harah isteʔerhí:kawa."a:ko:kʔa,"kíriʔ !
    b.There go into the brush.He replied,"No!
     
    16.a.á::h,kíriʔ!keʔesé:cʔiriyari hinníʔ
    b.Oh,No!You will shake your head and
     
    17.a.keʔeskiha:hanniwihi.""á::h,ti:ctawi::ʔi!
    b.You will throw me into the water"Oh,it's hard!
     
    18.a.háʔwi:ʔ,híriʔ,iskawa,natíriʔiskirikʔírih."
    b.Ok,then,go inwhere my anus is."
     
    19.a.hiriwaʔna:hissahharaha:kikawa.
    b.Thengoing,therehe went into it.
     
    20.a.hiriwaʔ nakhissahharahwaʔnaka:ʔicakih
    b.then going in,therenowsitting inside
     
    21.a.a:kihiʔiyaskwa.hiriwaʔnahité:tiskih
    b.he went across the water.Thenwhen he was getting onto the bank
     
    22.a.nahiʔiyassissah, "haʔawí:ro:ʔé:ka:ʔhiriwaʔ
    b.after crossing the water"Okay, thennow where (is it)then
     
    23.a.kiyakí:ctawi::ʔi hiriwaʔhako:citih.
    b.It was hard for himthento get out.
     
    24.a.a:kiʔírakhannkíkʔi:sá:kiwicka:ʔa,
    b.Suddenly,turtlethought,
     
    25.a."tiʔihíriʔickaʔac!"ka:kiriʔáre:rʔi
    b."thisthenlet me eat it!"He didn't know what it was
     
    26.a.nakaʔacskihnako:ke:hárih.
    b.that he was eatingdeep inside him.
     
    27.a.chiʔá:kiʔi:rakhárisʔí:ʔné:rhirʔaa:ki:weʔehi.
    b.All at onceBuffalofell over.
     
    28.a.hiriwaʔkíkʔi:swéraʔnakaʔacskihharah
    b.thenturtlemaybewhile he was eatingthere
     
    29.a.a:kó:citi.nawacitiskih,
    b.he went out.After he went out,
     
    30.a.kiyaki:cíwa:cé:rhirʔasʔirhawi.
    b.there was the big buffalo lying there.
     
    31.a.hiriwaʔno:kʔáskihá:kihirʔa:hi.
    b.thensayinghe stopped
     
    32.a."á::ʔka:kiyeisa:cta:haraʔa !
    b."Hey!Somebodybring your knife!
     
    33.a.a:cí:ré:rhirʔastariyaritariyari!"
    b.Butcher the buffalo!butcher!"
     
    34.a.a:kiʔí:rakhannkʔíta:ks ka:ʔa:ʔa:kiriya:sʔa.
    b.SuddenlyCoyotealong came the old one.
     
    35.a."é:si:ʔhá:waʔneʔewá:rʔ""e:h!
    b."What is (the matter)thenfriend?""Oh!
     
    36.a.tata:cta:rhaskis;ka:kiriʔ ʔatí:ʔi
    b.I have killed me a buffalo;nothingI have it
     
    37.a.hiriwaʔhakitariyarih."a:ko:kʔakʔíta:ks
    b.with itto butcher himsaidCoyote
     
    38.a."haʔwi:ʔ.ita:ceʔí:riye:sʔakhi:wa, hinniʔ
    b."OK.Let me go after my children first,and
     
    39.a.kiʔictariyari.""haʔwi:ʔ"hiriwa:ʔ
    b.afterwards, let me butcher.""OK."then
     
    40.a.na:hissahhinniʔí:kaʔakire:ʔí:tariyari
    b.he was goingandthey two had butchered first.
     
    41.a.kʔíta:kswéraʔhasʔa:ʔákicita:heʔeh.
    b.coyotemusthe had his knife with him.
     
    42.a.a:kiriwá:::::cʔarasʔí:rʔari:k
    b.He piled up a great big amount of meat.
     
    43.a.hiro:ʔkʔíta:ksá:ko:kʔa"haʔwi:ʔ ;ití:ceʔé:rhi:wa
    b.thenCoyotesaid,"OK;Let me first go after her
     
    44.a.nati:ʔakʔihhinniʔniye:snatí:kih."
    b.my wifeandchildmy plural."
     
    45.a.ka:ʔhíriwaʔniʔírhissahkʔíta:ksna:hissah
    b.Sothengoing offCoyotegoing along
     
    46.a.é::h,ka:kiyáki:his.a:kiʔí:rakhánn
    b.Oh,he was going along, far away.Suddenly
     
    47.a.híriwaʔha:waʔwéraʔna:ciriye:sʔakhirʔí:raskih.
    b.thentooI guesshe found his children.
     
    48.a.ti:ʔa:ʔákire:wa:rkíkʔi:s.hinniʔ
    b.At oncehe set to workturtle.and
     
    49.a.wá:cʔarʔaa:ko:kʔa,"é:kiriʔhá:waʔ,neʔewá:rʔ"
    b.Squirrelsaid"What (is it)then,friend?"
     
    50.a.kiyakiriwa:cá:hkwi
    b.There was a big tree
     
    51.a.hassiya:rhiʔí:rika:wih
    b.with a branch hanging down over
     
    52.a.nare:he:hárih.
    b.where the creek is.
     
    53.a."tatí:ʔi:khíyaʔatiʔiʔarashatakiccare:hih."
    b."I wantthismeatfor me to put mine up on top."
     
    54.a.a:ko:kʔawa:cʔarʔa,"haʔwiʔ.itactate:ti."
    b.saidSquirrel"OK.Let me help you."
     
    55.a.wa:cʔarʔakiya:kiriwa:cʔarasarikitaʔahí:riks
    b.SquirrelHe brought the big quantity of meat up to the top, repeatedly
     
    56.a.niya:hkwírih.hí::raka:h
    b.where the tree is.Far off
     
    57.a.a:kiriwa:cʔárascare:hi.híriwa:ʔ kʔíta:ks
    b.he put the big quantity of meat on top.thenCoyote
     
    58.a.na:ʔaskihniye:skiyako:khátataʔariki
    b.comingchildthey were following
     
    59.a.hinniʔnaré:ʔakʔih.nachissʔaskih
    b.andhis wifewhen they arrived
     
    60.a.í:ya:h!ká:kiriʔkiyaki:ʔi."é:h!
    b.Oh! My!nothingthere was."Oh!
     
    61.a.ká:kiriʔ wati:ʔié:ka:ʔ wéraʔ
    b.nothingthere is leftI wonder where he is?
     
    62.a.té:riya:hicihirʔí:rasih!
    b.He better watch outif I find him!
     
    63.a.néʔaʔ kiyaki:cha:riskʔíta:ks.
    b.he was growing angryCoyote
     
    64.a.khiʔasniye:snire:rʔih
    b.poorchildthe plural
     
    65.a.khiʔaski:kihanteʔerʔas
    b.poor ones were licking the ground
     
    66.a.wa:cka:riksʔana:ckitawa:hah.
    b.blood clotsthose scattered around.
     
    67.a.a:kiʔí:rakhanna:kiʔickhité:snare:he:hárih
    b.Suddenlyhe peeked over the edgeof the creek
     
    68.a.niya:rhiʔi:rika:wírih.wéraʔchiyaré:sirih
    b.Where the branch hung down over it.It seemedin plain sight
     
    69.a.kirikiyakirhare:sʔi,hinniʔ
    b.They were deep in the water,and
     
    70.a.hi:ríka:ʔi:ye:hakwithaʔ."há:riʔiskiriheʔecaki!
    b.way offall the time they wereabove."Heis sitting in water!
     
    71.a.hí:raka:hiskirihí:keʔecaki!"niye:s
    b.way offhe is sitting down in!"child
     
    72.a.nire:rʔih."té:riya:h!"
    b.[it was] the plural."He better watch out;"
     
    73.a.a:ʔákiciye:sʔakwa:ri,"háʔwi:ʔ
    b.He told his children,"OK.
     
    74.a.ika:ʔtiʔihiʔiski:cikiwiki
    b.rockthisyou all tie it around my neck
     
    75.a.hinniʔhiʔiskiha:hanniwihi.
    b.andthrow me in the water.
     
    76.a.ha:rí:hhárahkeʔeckwisskwanaheʔecakírih."
    b.where he isthereI will go + arrivewhere he is sitting in the water."
     
    77.a.í:ʔí:h!ikaʔaki:cíwa:cʔika:rikiwiki.
    b.Oh! Alas!They put a big rock around his neck.
     
    78.a.a:ʔákiciye:sʔakwa:ri,"ha:sʔata:cʔa
    b.He told his children,"ifmanure
     
    79.a.wahácshiceʔerʔáskih
    b.when they come to the surface
     
    80.a.wahí:cshiceʔeriya:skih
    b.When they are floating around
     
    81.a.keʔesa:kʔi:kha:rʔné:rhirʔaská:hkaks
    b.You will knowthe buffalo intestine
     
    82.a.waʔaracackaʔaskihhinniʔissiriʔ
    b.They have been cut openandthat kind
     
    83.a.ke:ʔikiné:rhirʔasʔata:cʔa."haʔwi:ʔhíriwa:ʔ
    b.they will bebuffalo manure."OK.then
     
    84.a.hiri:cʔika:ríkiwiskihhinni,hiraha:hanniwiskih
    b.They, tying a rock around his neckandthrowing him in the water
     
    85.a.khiʔaswéraʔa:kihí:ko:teʔes
    b.poor thingI guesshe drowned
     
    86.a.kíkʔi:shinniʔwá:cʔarʔa,"hí:ró:h!
    b.TurtleandSquirrel"Ha! Ha!
     
    87.a.ariya:cʔiʔássi:sha:hanniwih!ariya:ciʔiʔassi:ssiyakʔaw."
    b.They threw their father in the water!They killed their father!"
     
    88.a.ka:kí:kiciwa:cʔirikiniye:shinniʔ
    b.Then they cried greatlychildand
     
    89.a.wiʔiyacʔasa:sko:raraʔe:ya:k
    b.Mrs. Coyote
     
    90.a.ka:khiʔáskiyakiʔicíʔiriki.
    b.poor thing was crying.
     
    91.a.a:ki:cé:ʔero:ckwani:ckwakhárissah
    b.They leftgoing along
     
    92.a.ni:ri:há:skih.ísaʔtikitawisʔi.
    b.mourningthusit is that way.
     
    93.a.ka:ʔa:wakhárʔaskʔíta:ksí:ri:ha:ss
    b.There are timescoyotethey mourn
     
    94.a.híriwa:ʔ hi:wasʔa ní:ʔi
    b.Thenthe very onesthey are
     
    95.a.keʔiyákicʔíʔassi:shí:ko:teʔesíkih.
    b.who drowned their father, they say.