lecture 22603

Lecture Notes, 2/26/03:

FEBRUARY 26, 2003 AGENDA
OPEN: “Name That Tune:” TUNE(S) OF THE DAY

Marvin Gaye “What’s Goin’ On?”
In 1971, soul musician Marvin Gaye produced "What's Going On", a complex tune integrating views of Vietnam, ecology, racism and religion of the decade of the 70’s.
Dan Fogelberg “Face the Fire”
Protest song elated to the March, 1979 equipment failures and human error contribute to an accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. A series of events led to the worst nuclear accident in U.S. history.
Earth Wind and Fire “That’s the Way of the World”
A group from Chicago becomes internationally popular with these encouraging lyrics in 1975.
What would I give as a prize representative of the 70’s??
(Platform shoes, a small scale model disco ball, a purple hearts patch from Viet Nam?)
Music of the 70’s was very significant of the huge transition in popular culture of the time, as well as political, activist culture.

INTRODUCTION
Why doing this? What if I asked “Where were you in ‘72’? What would you say? YOUTH OF JUST ABOUT EVERY ERA HAVE THOUGHT THIS WAY.
I.E. WHAT AM I GOING TO DO?
WHAT ROLE CAN I OR WILL I PLAY?
This was an era when you still typed on a typewriter, and most people who learned to type had goals of becoming secretaries. But it was also the writer, the journalist, who used a typewriter, and the media, as seemingly primitivc as it was in the day, compared to now Even Television at the time was still transitioning to color from B & W in early 70’s
Many magazines still presented photos in B &W
The technology was moving from B & W to color
Growth of youth subcultures such as the hippies, the disco group, the militants, the patriots, the POLITICAL ACTIVISTS. This activism came in many forms and from a cross section of the subcultures.
Focus of today’s lecture surrounds Watergate related to the Washington Post exposure of the scandal and the eventual resignation of President Nixon in 1974. (YOU HAD THE DETAILS OF THE WATERGATE EVENT IN YOUR READINGS FOR TODAY).
But we want to place Watergate in a historical and cultural context that helps you relate better to the decade of the 70’s which was an amazing AND OFTEN DISCRUPTIVE decade of change.
An era and chain of events that critics sometimes call the transition of the “we” to “me” attitude from the beginning to the end of the decade.
Critics say Youth culture in the 70’s began as being involved and ended up withdrawing from the group solidarity promoted on 60’s and early 70’s to a very individualized self-interest, self-absorbed culture. 3 READERS OF HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS
K Beskabalova /Cold War
Jamie Betker /Rock music
Jeff Fawcett/end of Vietnam
The United States removed its last ground troops from Vietnam. The war ended in 1975. The people elected Richard M. Nixon in 1968, partly because he pledged to end U.S. involvement in the war. Nixon removed the last U.S. ground forces from Vietnam in 1973. Two years later, South Vietnam fell to the Communists. April 30, 2000 marked the 25th anniversary of the fall of Saigon, a crucial event in deciding the Vietnam War. Vietnamese people faced the loss of their nation, and many sought freedom by escaping as political refugees.
During a recent visit to Vietnam, Defense Secretary William S. Cohen pointedly refused to apologize for the U.S. military action there, explaining, as he put it, ``Both nations were scarred by this. They [the Vietnamese] have their own scars from the war. We certainly have ours.''
Cohen's words echo those of President Carter, who in 1977 refused to normalize relations with Vietnam because, in his words, ``the destruction was mutual.''
LECTURE
We can all look to our backgrounds to connect to the roots of our own political socialization. Perhaps you can sort of relate to some of the things I mention.
I’ll never forget the day President Ford flew into the backyard of Old Faithful by helicopter, to promote the country’s bicentennial in 1976. He was waving and smiling and reminded me of the campaigning that other politicians before him did via train and the whistle-stop campaigns.
I remember that same year when I had the chance to meet with Annie Stein, a tough activist editor for the environmentalist publication of the San –Fran based Sierra Club. At my first conference presentation ever, she tood up and yelled at me – “I can’t hear you! Speak up or no one’s going to hear you!” THAT OFFERED INCENTIVE TO SPEAK UP FOREVER MORE”
This was all about political socialization. It was the feeling that if I was concerned about my future, I had to get involved. I could create change. I could make a difference.
SO YOU TOO, can backtrack to your own experiences and think about how those have brought you to your own degree of political socialization. Obviously you have some interest in this as journalism majors.
Ask YOURSELF: Have you ever stopped to think about WHY you have the political beliefs and values you do? Where did they come from? Are they simply your own ideas or have you been influenced by others in your thinking?
This is the process of "political socialization."
What people think and how they come to think it is of critical importance to the stability and health of popular government. 2-3 SCRIPT
Brenda Willis, Shelly Benson, Shelby Campbell, Katherine LehrSHORT FILM
Mary Windsor Morris
visual media that was taking place in the 70’s that helped to form the popular culture AND ALSO THE POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION of the times.
LECTURE
Outline of Watergate events
Players in this event included: President Richard Nixon, Spiro Agnew the V.P., others such as Nixon’s chief aide H.R. Haldeman, President’s counsel John W. Dean, Deputy Attorney General of the U.S. Richard Kleindienst, John D. Erlichman (President’s Chief Domestic Advisor) were some involved in the scandal.
Political scandals dismayed many Americans and damaged public regard for many of these country's highest leaders. In 1973, Spiro T. Agnew, Nixon's vice president, came under criminal investigation. A federal grand jury began hearing charges that he participated in widespread graft in Maryland. Agnew resigned from the vice presidency on Oct. 10, 1973.
In 1972, the campaign workers for President Nixon's reelection committed the burglary at the Democratic political headquarters in the Watergate building complex in Washington, D.C. Nixon was later charged with covering up the burglary and with other illegal activities. In July 1974, the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives voted articles of impeachment against the president. Evidence against Nixon mounted until it became apparent that the full House of Representatives would impeach him and that the Senate would remove him from office. On Aug. 9, 1974, Nixon resigned as president. He was the only U.S. president ever to resign.
The activities, according to information in FBI and Department of Justice files, were aimed at all the major Democratic presidential contenders and—since 1971—represented a basic strategy of the Nixon re-election effort.
Woodward and Epstein / Washington Post’s role
They did the ultimate in investigative reporting!
The Watergate investigation brought fame to The Washington Post and the reporting team of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. The duo unraveled a web of political spying and sabotage that had all the elements of a Hollywood saga. In the end, after 40 government officials were indicted and a president resigned, many would conclude that the system of checks and balances worked. Yet, the triangular relationship between public officials, the media and the public was altered forever.
One result of what Woodward calls "incremental reporting"—taking one step at a time, day after day, big stories and small ones—is that potential sources become acquainted with your work and know whom to call when they think they have something worthwhile to offer. Other papers did good work on Watergate—the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Star-News, the New York Times—but only the Post did the kind of incremental reporting that made people aware that it was the paper that could make the difference.
Woodward and Bernstein had believed all along that the bugging and break-in at the Watergate hadn't been an isolated event; it must have been, they thought, a part of a larger campaign of sabotage and obstruction. Bernstein and Woodward broke this blockbuster on the front page on October 10.

------------------
Watergate: A Chronology

May 28, 1972 Electronic surveillance ("bugging") equipment is installed at Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate building.
June 17, 1972 Five men are arrested while attempting to repair the surveillance equipment at Democratic National Committee headquarters.
August 30, 1972 President Nixon announces that John Dean has completed an investigation into the Watergate buggings and that no one from the White House is involved.
*********September 15, 1972 Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzalez, E. Howard Hunt, G. Gordon Liddy, Eugenio Martinez, James W. McCord, Jr., and Frank Sturgis are indicted for their roles in the June break-in.
January 8, 1973 Watergate break-in trial opens. Hunt pleads guilty (January 11); Barker, Sturgis, Martinez, and Gonzalez plead guilty (January 15); Liddy and McCord are convicted on all counts of break-in indictment (January 30).
February 7, 1973 U.S. Senate creates Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities.
April 17, 1973 President Nixon announces that members of the White House staff will appear before the Senate Committee and promises major new developments in investigation and real progress toward finding truth.
April 23, 1973 White House issues statement denying President had prior knowledge of Watergate affair.
April 30, 1973 White House staff members H. R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman, and John Dean resign.
May 17, 1973 Senate Committee begins public hearings.
May 25, 1973 Archibald Cox sworn in as Special Prosecutor.
July 7, 1973 President Nixon informs Senate Committee that he will not appear to testify nor grant access to Presidential files.
July 16, 1973 Alexander Butterfield informs Senate Committee of the presence of a White House taping system.
July 23, 1973 Senate Committee and Special Prosecutor Cox subpoena White House tapes and documents to investigate cover-up.
July 25, 1973 President Nixon refuses to comply with Cox subpoena.
August 9, 1973 Senate Committee files suit against President Nixon for failure to comply with subpoena.
October 19, 1973 President Nixon offers Stennis a compromise on the tapes; that is, Senator John Stennis (D-Miss.) would review tapes and present the Special Prosecutor with summaries.
October 20, 1973 Archibald Cox refuses to accept the Stennis compromise. President Nixon orders Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox, but Richardson refuses and resigns in protest. Acting Attorney General Robert Bork fires Cox. These events come to be known as the "Saturday Night Massacre."
October 23, 1973 President Nixon agrees to hand over tapes to comply with subpoena
November 1, 1973 Leon Jaworski named Special Prosecutor.
November 21, 1973 Senate Committee announces discovery of 18_ minute gap on tape of Nixon-Haldeman conversation of June 20,1972.
February 6, 1974 House of Representatives authorizes House Judiciary Committee to investigate whether grounds exist for impeachment of President Nixon.
April 16, 1974 Special Prosecutor issues subpoena for 64 White House tapes.
April 30, 1974 President Nixon submits tape transcripts to House Judiciary Committee.
July 24, 1974 Supreme Court unanimously upholds Special Prosecutor's subpoena for tapes for Watergate trial.
July 27, 1974 House Judiciary Committee adopts article I of impeachment resolution charging President with obstruction of investigation of Watergate break-in.
July 29, 1974 House Judiciary Committee adopts article II of impeachment resolution charging President with misuse of powers and violation of his oath of office.
July 30, 1974 House Judiciary Committee adopts article III of impeachment resolution, charging the President with failure to comply with House subpoenas.
August 9, 1974 President Richard Nixon resigns.
September 8, 1974 President Gerald Ford pardons former President Nixon

So the era that started with the 1970 release of the movie Woodstock which documented the August, 1969 rock festival of all time, with over a million young people attending
STARTED WITH
Kent State -- 13 students were shot by Ohio National Guard Troops during a VIETNAM war demonstration on the Kent State University Campus on the first week of May 1970.
AND
IN the world of modern art Andy Warhol portrayed his big cans of Campbell soup, and nothing else on paintings to show the all-consuming consumer culture of the US.
AND
Cesar Chavez founded and led the first successful farm workers' union in U.S. history in the 70’s with the great grape boycott in the California wine country -- From the beginning, the UFW adhered to the principals of non-violence practiced by M.K. Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King.Others, if time:
BULLET POINT HISTORY LIST
*Our presidents during the 1970’s era were:
69-74 Richard M. Nixon, Republican
74-77 Gerald R. Ford, Republican
77-81 Jimmy Carter, Democrat
*1974
Speed limits were decreased to 55 mph on highways
Girls allowed to play in Little League baseball
Henry Aaron beats Babe Ruth's home run record
*1975
Lyme disease discovered
Ford assassination attempted by a Charles Manson follower
Energy policy and Conservation Act of 1975
*1976
First artificial gene developed
Apple Computer launched
Courts allow removal of life support
*1977
Neutron bomb funding began
Red Dye No. 2 is banned
Treaty to sign over Panama Canal is passed
Alaskan pipeline is completed
*1978
Jonestown massacre
First test tube baby-In vitro fertilization
Garfield the Cat is developed
Camp David accord for Middle East peace began with Jimmy Carter
*1979
Margaret Thatched becomes British Prime Minister
The Soviets invade Afghanistan
Sony Walkman is introduced
Skylab fell into the Indian Ocean
Diplomatic ties with China formalized
∑ The hostage crisis. A revolution overthrew the government of the shah of Iran in February 1979. In November of that year, revolutionaries took over the United States Embassy in Tehran, Iran's capital, to protest American aid to the deposed shah, and held hostages until January 1981.

END:
AND POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION IS A PERPETUAL AND ESSENTIAL PROCESS OF DEMOCRACY, not only for adults but youth , as well. SO THEY HAVE A CHANCE TO form their ideas about HOW DEMOCRACY should be. HOW they can MAKE A DIFFERENCE. You can do this through the use of media.


		last updated: 3/3/03 Lecture Notes, 2/26/03: FEBRUARY 26, 2003 AGENDA OPEN: “Name That Tune:” TUNE(S) OF THE DAY Marvin Gaye “What’s Goin’ On?” In 1971, soul musician Marvin Gaye produced "What's Going On", a complex tune integrating views of Vietnam, ecology, racism and religion of the decade of the 70’s. Dan Fogelberg “Face the Fire” Protest song elated to the March, 1979 equipment failures and human error contribute to an accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear reactor at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. A series of events led to the worst nuclear accident in U.S. history. Earth Wind and Fire “That’s the Way of the World” A group from Chicago becomes internationally popular with these encouraging lyrics in 1975. What would I give as a prize representative of the 70’s?? (Platform shoes, a small scale model disco ball, a purple hearts patch from Viet Nam?) Music of the 70’s was very significant of the huge transition in popular culture of the time, as well as political, activist culture. INTRODUCTION Why doing this? What if I asked “Where were you in ‘72’? What would you say? YOUTH OF JUST ABOUT EVERY ERA HAVE THOUGHT THIS WAY. I.E. WHAT AM I GOING TO DO? WHAT ROLE CAN I OR WILL I PLAY? This was an era when you still typed on a typewriter, and most people who learned to type had goals of becoming secretaries. But it was also the writer, the journalist, who used a typewriter, and the media, as seemingly primitivc as it was in the day, compared to now Even Television at the time was still transitioning to color from B & W in early 70’s Many magazines still presented photos in B &W The technology was moving from B & W to color Growth of youth subcultures such as the hippies, the disco group, the militants, the patriots, the POLITICAL ACTIVISTS. This activism came in many forms and from a cross section of the subcultures. Focus of today’s lecture surrounds Watergate related to the Washington Post exposure of the scandal and the eventual resignation of President Nixon in 1974. (YOU HAD THE DETAILS OF THE WATERGATE EVENT IN YOUR READINGS FOR TODAY). But we want to place Watergate in a historical and cultural context that helps you relate better to the decade of the 70’s which was an amazing AND OFTEN DISCRUPTIVE decade of change. An era and chain of events that critics sometimes call the transition of the “we” to “me” attitude from the beginning to the end of the decade. Critics say Youth culture in the 70’s began as being involved and ended up withdrawing from the group solidarity promoted on 60’s and early 70’s to a very individualized self-interest, self-absorbed culture. 3 READERS OF HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS K Beskabalova /Cold War Jamie Betker /Rock music Jeff Fawcett/end of Vietnam The United States removed its last ground troops from Vietnam. The war ended in 1975. The people elected Richard M. Nixon in 1968, partly because he pledged to end U.S. involvement in the war. Nixon removed the last U.S. ground forces from Vietnam in 1973. Two years later, South Vietnam fell to the Communists. April 30, 2000 marked the 25th anniversary of the fall of Saigon, a crucial event in deciding the Vietnam War. Vietnamese people faced the loss of their nation, and many sought freedom by escaping as political refugees. During a recent visit to Vietnam, Defense Secretary William S. Cohen pointedly refused to apologize for the U.S. military action there, explaining, as he put it, ``Both nations were scarred by this. They [the Vietnamese] have their own scars from the war. We certainly have ours.'' Cohen's words echo those of President Carter, who in 1977 refused to normalize relations with Vietnam because, in his words, ``the destruction was mutual.'' LECTURE We can all look to our backgrounds to connect to the roots of our own political socialization. Perhaps you can sort of relate to some of the things I mention. I’ll never forget the day President Ford flew into the backyard of Old Faithful by helicopter, to promote the country’s bicentennial in 1976. He was waving and smiling and reminded me of the campaigning that other politicians before him did via train and the whistle-stop campaigns. I remember that same year when I had the chance to meet with Annie Stein, a tough activist editor for the environmentalist publication of the San –Fran based Sierra Club. At my first conference presentation ever, she tood up and yelled at me – “I can’t hear you! Speak up or no one’s going to hear you!” THAT OFFERED INCENTIVE TO SPEAK UP FOREVER MORE” This was all about political socialization. It was the feeling that if I was concerned about my future, I had to get involved. I could create change. I could make a difference. SO YOU TOO, can backtrack to your own experiences and think about how those have brought you to your own degree of political socialization. Obviously you have some interest in this as journalism majors. Ask YOURSELF: Have you ever stopped to think about WHY you have the political beliefs and values you do? Where did they come from? Are they simply your own ideas or have you been influenced by others in your thinking? This is the process of "political socialization." What people think and how they come to think it is of critical importance to the stability and health of popular government. 2-3 SCRIPT Brenda Willis, Shelly Benson, Shelby Campbell, Katherine LehrSHORT FILM Mary Windsor Morris visual media that was taking place in the 70’s that helped to form the popular culture AND ALSO THE POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION of the times. LECTURE Outline of Watergate events Players in this event included: President Richard Nixon, Spiro Agnew the V.P., others such as Nixon’s chief aide H.R. Haldeman, President’s counsel John W. Dean, Deputy Attorney General of the U.S. Richard Kleindienst, John D. Erlichman (President’s Chief Domestic Advisor) were some involved in the scandal. Political scandals dismayed many Americans and damaged public regard for many of these country's highest leaders. In 1973, Spiro T. Agnew, Nixon's vice president, came under criminal investigation. A federal grand jury began hearing charges that he participated in widespread graft in Maryland. Agnew resigned from the vice presidency on Oct. 10, 1973. In 1972, the campaign workers for President Nixon's reelection committed the burglary at the Democratic political headquarters in the Watergate building complex in Washington, D.C. Nixon was later charged with covering up the burglary and with other illegal activities. In July 1974, the Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives voted articles of impeachment against the president. Evidence against Nixon mounted until it became apparent that the full House of Representatives would impeach him and that the Senate would remove him from office. On Aug. 9, 1974, Nixon resigned as president. He was the only U.S. president ever to resign. The activities, according to information in FBI and Department of Justice files, were aimed at all the major Democratic presidential contenders and—since 1971—represented a basic strategy of the Nixon re-election effort. Woodward and Epstein / Washington Post’s role They did the ultimate in investigative reporting! The Watergate investigation brought fame to The Washington Post and the reporting team of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. The duo unraveled a web of political spying and sabotage that had all the elements of a Hollywood saga. In the end, after 40 government officials were indicted and a president resigned, many would conclude that the system of checks and balances worked. Yet, the triangular relationship between public officials, the media and the public was altered forever. One result of what Woodward calls "incremental reporting"—taking one step at a time, day after day, big stories and small ones—is that potential sources become acquainted with your work and know whom to call when they think they have something worthwhile to offer. Other papers did good work on Watergate—the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Star-News, the New York Times—but only the Post did the kind of incremental reporting that made people aware that it was the paper that could make the difference. Woodward and Bernstein had believed all along that the bugging and break-in at the Watergate hadn't been an isolated event; it must have been, they thought, a part of a larger campaign of sabotage and obstruction. Bernstein and Woodward broke this blockbuster on the front page on October 10. ------------------ Watergate: A Chronology May 28, 1972 Electronic surveillance ("bugging") equipment is installed at Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate building. June 17, 1972 Five men are arrested while attempting to repair the surveillance equipment at Democratic National Committee headquarters. August 30, 1972 President Nixon announces that John Dean has completed an investigation into the Watergate buggings and that no one from the White House is involved. ********September 15, 1972 Bernard Barker, Virgilio Gonzalez, E. Howard Hunt, G. Gordon Liddy, Eugenio Martinez, James W. McCord, Jr., and Frank Sturgis are indicted for their roles in the June break-in. January 8, 1973 Watergate break-in trial opens. Hunt pleads guilty (January 11); Barker, Sturgis, Martinez, and Gonzalez plead guilty (January 15); Liddy and McCord are convicted on all counts of break-in indictment (January 30). February 7, 1973 U.S. Senate creates Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities. April 17, 1973 President Nixon announces that members of the White House staff will appear before the Senate Committee and promises major new developments in investigation and real progress toward finding truth. April 23, 1973 White House issues statement denying President had prior knowledge of Watergate affair. April 30, 1973 White House staff members H. R. Haldeman, John D. Ehrlichman, and John Dean resign. May 17, 1973 Senate Committee begins public hearings. May 25, 1973 Archibald Cox sworn in as Special Prosecutor. July 7, 1973 President Nixon informs Senate Committee that he will not appear to testify nor grant access to Presidential files. July 16, 1973 Alexander Butterfield informs Senate Committee of the presence of a White House taping system. July 23, 1973 Senate Committee and Special Prosecutor Cox subpoena White House tapes and documents to investigate cover-up. July 25, 1973 President Nixon refuses to comply with Cox subpoena. August 9, 1973 Senate Committee files suit against President Nixon for failure to comply with subpoena. October 19, 1973 President Nixon offers Stennis a compromise on the tapes; that is, Senator John Stennis (D-Miss.) would review tapes and present the Special Prosecutor with summaries. October 20, 1973 Archibald Cox refuses to accept the Stennis compromise. President Nixon orders Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire Cox, but Richardson refuses and resigns in protest. Acting Attorney General Robert Bork fires Cox. These events come to be known as the "Saturday Night Massacre." October 23, 1973 President Nixon agrees to hand over tapes to comply with subpoena November 1, 1973 Leon Jaworski named Special Prosecutor. November 21, 1973 Senate Committee announces discovery of 18_ minute gap on tape of Nixon-Haldeman conversation of June 20,1972. February 6, 1974 House of Representatives authorizes House Judiciary Committee to investigate whether grounds exist for impeachment of President Nixon. April 16, 1974 Special Prosecutor issues subpoena for 64 White House tapes. April 30, 1974 President Nixon submits tape transcripts to House Judiciary Committee. July 24, 1974 Supreme Court unanimously upholds Special Prosecutor's subpoena for tapes for Watergate trial. July 27, 1974 House Judiciary Committee adopts article I of impeachment resolution charging President with obstruction of investigation of Watergate break-in. July 29, 1974 House Judiciary Committee adopts article II of impeachment resolution charging President with misuse of powers and violation of his oath of office. July 30, 1974 House Judiciary Committee adopts article III of impeachment resolution, charging the President with failure to comply with House subpoenas. August 9, 1974 President Richard Nixon resigns. September 8, 1974 President Gerald Ford pardons former President Nixon So the era that started with the 1970 release of the movie Woodstock which documented the August, 1969 rock festival of all time, with over a million young people attending STARTED WITH Kent State -- 13 students were shot by Ohio National Guard Troops during a VIETNAM war demonstration on the Kent State University Campus on the first week of May 1970. AND IN the world of modern art Andy Warhol portrayed his big cans of Campbell soup, and nothing else on paintings to show the all-consuming consumer culture of the US. AND Cesar Chavez founded and led the first successful farm workers' union in U.S. history in the 70’s with the great grape boycott in the California wine country -- From the beginning, the UFW adhered to the principals of non-violence practiced by M.K. Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King.Others, if time: BULLET POINT HISTORY LIST Our presidents during the 1970’s era were: 69-74 Richard M. Nixon, Republican 74-77 Gerald R. Ford, Republican 77-81 Jimmy Carter, Democrat 1974 Speed limits were decreased to 55 mph on highways Girls allowed to play in Little League baseball Henry Aaron beats Babe Ruth's home run record 1975 Lyme disease discovered Ford assassination attempted by a Charles Manson follower Energy policy and Conservation Act of 1975 1976 First artificial gene developed Apple Computer launched Courts allow removal of life support 1977 Neutron bomb funding began Red Dye No. 2 is banned Treaty to sign over Panama Canal is passed Alaskan pipeline is completed 1978 Jonestown massacre First test tube baby-In vitro fertilization Garfield the Cat is developed Camp David accord for Middle East peace began with Jimmy Carter 1979 Margaret Thatched becomes British Prime Minister The Soviets invade Afghanistan Sony Walkman is introduced Skylab fell into the Indian Ocean Diplomatic ties with China formalized ∑ The hostage crisis. A revolution overthrew the government of the shah of Iran in February 1979. In November of that year, revolutionaries took over the United States Embassy in Tehran, Iran's capital, to protest American aid to the deposed shah, and held hostages until January 1981. END: AND POLITICAL SOCIALIZATION IS A PERPETUAL AND ESSENTIAL PROCESS OF DEMOCRACY, not only for adults but youth , as well. SO THEY HAVE A CHANCE TO form their ideas about HOW DEMOCRACY should be. HOW they can MAKE A DIFFERENCE. You can do this through the use of media.