Referencing Guidelines
Table of Contents
Why Acknowledge Your Sources?
Types of References and Notes
Bibliographies
A. Why Do You Need to Acknowledge Your
Sources?
Every paper that you submit should be based upon your own research and
analysis. Any factual material or ideas you take from another source must
be acknowledged in a reference, unless it is common knowledge (e.g., President
Kennedy was killed in 1963). This is normally done through a combination
of notes and a bibliography. Your method of referencing must tell your
reader where you got all the specific information in your paper,
and where any ideas or interpretations came from that are
not your own thinking.
Plagiarism consists of presenting another person's words, research,
or ideas as if they were your own. This applies not only to direct quotations
(each of which must be placed in quotation marks and have its own reference)
but also to the use of facts, interpretations, or approaches you have
gained from someone else's work. Any information or ideas you have taken
from another book, article, or person must therefore be referenced too.
Submitting a paper written by another student or one you ordered from
a catalog is likewise plagiarism. The University treats plagiarism as
a serious academic offense, and your instructor is obliged to impose severe
punishments should this problem occur.
B. References and Notes
Different styles of referencing are used in different disciplines. The one
most commonly found in historical writing utilizes notes, placed
either at the bottom of the page as footnotes or at the back of the paper
as endnotes, coupled with a bibliography at the end that lists all the works
used for the project.
Historians do not normally use a format that gives references in the
text, with the author's name and a reference put into parentheses. Occasionally,
however, an instructor may suggest that you use this style, especially
if your paper is a discussion of just a few works. In that case you need
also to provide in a bibliography the full reference to every work cited.
Do not use references in the text unless your instructor has approved
this format.
The use of notes
Simple notes. They provide a reference to the source for
the material, interpretation, or direct quotation given in the text.
Collective notes. To avoid the extreme case of having a note
at the end of every sentence or two, you can put a collective note
at the end either of the first sentence or of the last sentence of
a given paragraph, indicating where the material in that paragraph
comes from (if it is taken from just a few sources). Even then, however,
any direct quotation within the paragraph will need its own reference
in addition to the collective note.
Notes to provide supplementary material. Another use of notes
is to provide additional information or comment: facts or explanations
which you feel would interrupt the flow of your discussion in the
text itself. You could, for example, offer evidence to support a statement
made in the text, or you could explain why you are not persuaded by
another historian's differing argument on this point.
Format for notes
Type the number of the note at the end of the sentence to which
it applies, normally up half a space above the line of text. The notes
themselves are usually typed single-spaced, with double spaces between
them. Notes may be placed either at the bottom of each page (footnotes)
or all together at the end of the paper (endnotes). If the notes are on
the same page as the text, they may either be numbered consecutively throughout
the paper or start again with number one on each new page. Notes at the
end of the paper must be numbered in sequence throughout the paper. The
most important features of notes are (1) that they provide the necessary
information (2) in a consistent format. The information to be given the
first time you refer to a given printed work is: author's full
name, title of the work, publication information in parentheses, and the
page(s) which you are citing. There are several acceptable formats used
by historians. Unless your instructor tells you to do something different,
use the following style. It is drawn from the Turabian Manual cited
below, based upon The Chicago Manual of Style.
The first reference to a book:
The author's name, with first name(s) before last name; the
title of the book underlined or in italics; the town in which the book
was published followed by a colon and two spaces, then the publisher
followed by a comma and a space, then the date of publication, with
all of this publication information enclosed within parentheses; and
finally the page place of publication is a U.S. city that is not generally
known, give a brief state abbrevation too. Thus, Mary Wisevits, Sherman's
March Revised (Glenview, Ill.: Phelps Press, 1985), 64-5.
The first reference to an article in a journal:
The author's name, with first name(s) before last name, followed
by a comma; the title of article in quotation marks with a comma before
the closing quotation mark; the title of the journal underlined or in
italics with no comma after it; the volume number of the journal; the
year of publication in parentheses followed by a colon and a space;
and the page numbers (with no "p./pp."). Thus, Joe Specialist, "Historical
Facts Can Be Interesting," Trivia Today 3 (1992): 36-42.
A multi-volume set:
In the simplest case, after the parenthesis and the comma,
say which volume you used, followed by a colon, and then the page(s).
E.g., Statutes of the Realm (London: Her Majesty's Stationery
Office, 1879), 4:24-7. For more complex cases, see the Turabian Manual
cited below.
A component part by one author in a work by another:
Give the author and title of the chapter you used, then "in"
followed by the name of the volume. List the editor's name after the
title, before the parenthesis. The rest is as for other books. Thus,
Alhami M. Hatimy, "Swahili Culture," in Diversity and Change,
ed. Triza Kimani (Nairobi: East African Press, 1987), 137-55.
Translated works:
Give the translator's name after the title, before the parenthesis.
E.g., Author, Title, trans. Henry Jones (New York, etc.).
A collective note might be worded as follows:
All information in this paragraph is drawn from Jane Osikawa,
Women in the Japanese Textile Industry, 1880-1954 (Berkeley,
CA: Univ. of California Press, 1985), 64-78, and Nagato Takeuchi, Early
Japanese Linen Production (Tokyo: Masakawi Press, 1962), 209-51.
Modern edition of a primary source or collection of sources:
Your format here must distinguish between the actual words
of a primary source and any discussion written by the modern editor
in her or his introduction to the work. If, for instance, you refer
to a statement by Sitting Bull, your reference will normally be to the
source of his own words. But if you are quoting a modern editor's comments
about Sitting Bull's statement, your format must make that plain. These
two cases might be referenced:
1. Sitting Bull, Interview about the Ghost Dance, January
7, 1890, in Native American Voices, ed. Margaret Strong Woman
(Boston: Atlantic, 1983), 136.
2. Margaret Strong Woman, introduction to Native American
Voices, ed. Margaret Strong Woman (Boston: Atlantic, 1983), iii.
Indirect quotations (when you have cited person A through author
B's work):
First give the original author of the quotation, with the
source of the quotation, its publication information, and page number;
then say "cited by" or "as quoted by" and give the full reference to
the book in which you found the quotation. If author B does not provide
a reference saying where he or she found the quotation, indicate that
absence in your own note.
1. Thomas More, Utopia, ed. Henry Smith (London:
Longmans, 1873), as quoted by Susan Williams, English Reform Literature
of the Sixteenth Century (Boston: Little Brown, 1991), 523.
2. Henry VIII, letter to Charles V, date and reference not
provided, as cited by Lucille Careless, Early European Diplomacy
(Paris: Drois, 1897), 76.
Later references to a work already cited:
After the first, full reference to a given work, save time and space
by referring to that work in an abbreviated form.
A standard format is to give the author's last name (not the first,
unless you have cited works by two different authors with the same
last name, when you will have to give at least their first initials
as well), a short form of the title, and page number(s). Thus: Wisevits,
Sherman's March, 68-70.
The forms "op. cit." and "loc. cit." should not be used.
Consecutive references to the same work:
If you are citing a work in one note which you cited in the note immediately
before it, there is a further shortcut. Here one uses the Latin abbreviation
ibid. (meaning "the same"), plus a new page number if the second reference
is different from the page given in the previous note. Because ibid. is
an abbreviation, it always needs a period. When ibid. is used in the middle
of a sentence, it is not capitalized. Thus:
1. Stanislaus Serevski, Polish Workers in World War II,
trans. Ignatius Gazda (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), 39.
2. Ibid. [With no further page number, this means p. 39 again.]
3. For a detailed discussion of this change, see ibid., 41-2.
References to interviews:
If you are using interviews as a source for a paper, ask your
instructor for a copy of the separate handout on Interviewing Guidelines.
C. Bibliographies
The Purpose of a Bibliography
A bibliography should list all the books, articles, and interviews
which you found helpful while doing research for your paper, even if
you did not end up citing them individually in notes. It should not
include works which you looked at but did not contain any useful information
on your subject.
Format For a Bibliography
The bibliography is placed at the very end of the paper.
A bibliography is generally typed single-spaced within each entry
but double-spaced between entries.
If you have a long and complicated bibliography, you may want to subdivide
it on the basis of primary sources and secondary materials. Books and
articles should be entered together, not grouped separately.
Entries within a bibliography are arranged alphabetically by the author's
last name and are not numbered.
The author's last name is typed first, followed by his or her given
names (the reverse of the format for notes). Use a period after
the author's full name (not a comma as in notes).
If you list several works by a given author, arrange them alphabetically
by title after the author's name. Use an underscore in place of
the author's name for the second and later items to indicate the same
author.
Book titles are followed by a period. The publication information
to be given is the same as for notes but is not put into parentheses.
Article format is the same as for notes, except that the author's
last name comes first, the author's name is followed by a period, and
the title of the journal is followed by a period.
Books or articles for which no author was given should be listed under
title.
When describing a book, do not give the page numbers of the
sections you used. The page numbers of articles in journals or
chapters in books should, however, be given.
-
Examples:
Hernandez-Moniņa, Isabella. "Argentinian Women and the
Law." Legal Studies 22 (1972): 42-89.
Magawe, Masakinde. Early Empires in Southern Africa.
London: Routledge, 1976.
__________. Shaka and the Zulu. Capetown: Freedom
Press, 1990.
For more information on referencing, see Kate L. Turabian, A Manual
for Writers of Term Papers.
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