Man a product of the earth's surface - Persistent effect of geographic barriers - Recurrent influences of nature-made highway - Regions of historical similarity - Persistence of climatic influences - Relation of geography to history - Multiplicity of geographic factors - Evolution of geographic relations - Interplay of geographic factors - Direct and indirect effects of environment - Indirect effects in differentiation of colonial peoples - General importance of indirect effects - Time element - Previous habitat - Transplanted religions - Partial response to environment - The larger conception of environment - Unity of the earth and the human race.
Four classes of influences - Physical effects of environment - Stature and environment - Effects of dominant activities Physical effects of climate - Pigmentation in relation to heat and light - Pigmentation and altitude - Difficulty of generalization from geographic distribution - Psychical effects - In Religion - In mind and character - In language - The great man in history - Economic and social effects - Size of the social group - Effects on movements of peoples - Segregation and accessibility - Change of habitat.
People and land - Political geography - Political versus social geography - Land basis of society - Morgan's societas - Land bond in primitive hunter tribes - In fisher tribes-In pastoral tribes - Land and state - Strength of the land bond in the state - Evolution of land tenure - Land and food supply - Advance from natural to artificial basis of subsistence - Land basis in relation to agriculture - Migratory and sedentary agriculture - Geographic checks to progress in economic and social development - Native animal and plant life as factors in progress - Density of population under different cultural and geographic conditions-Its relation to government - Territorial expansion of the state Artificial checks to population - Extra-territorial relations of state and people - Theory of progress from the standpoint of geography - Progressive dependence of man upon nature.
Universality of such movements - The name Historical Movement - Its evolution - Its importance in history - Geographical interpretation of historical movement - Mobility of primitive peoples - Civilization and mobility - Migration and ethnic mingling - Cultural modification during migration - The transit land - War as form of historical movement - Slavery -Military colonies - Withdrawal and flight - Natural regions of asylum - Emigration and colonization - Commerce as a form of historical movement - Movements due to religion - Historical movement and race distribution - Zonal distribution - Movements to like or better geographic conditions - Their direction - Return movements - Regions of attraction and repulsion - Psychical influences in certain movements - Two results of historical movement - Differentiation and area - Differentiation and isolation - Geographic conditions of heterogeneity and homogeneity - Assimilation - Elimination of unfit variants through historical movement - Geographical origins.
The importance of geographical location - Content of the term location - Intercontinental location - Natural versus vicinal location - Naturally defined location - Vicinal location Vicinal groups of similar or diverse race and culture Thalassic vicinal location - Complementary locations - Continuous and scattered location - Central versus peripheral location - Mutual relations between center and periphery - Inland and coastward expansion - Reaction between center and periphery - Periphery in colonization - Dominant historical side - Change of historical front-Contrasted historical sides - One-sided historical location - Scattered location-Due to adverse geographic conditions - Island way stations on maritime routes - Scattered location of primitive peoples - Ethnic islands of expansion and decline - Discontinuous distribution - Contrasted location - Geographical polarity - Geographical marks of growth and decline - Interpretation of scattered and marginal location - Contrast between ethnic islands of growth and decline.
The size of the earth-Relation of area to life - Area and differentiation - The struggle for space - National area an index of social and political development - The Oikoumene The unity of the human species in relation to the earth Isolation and differentiation - Monotonous race type of small area - Wide race distribution and inner diversities - Large area a guarantee of racial or national permanence Weakness of small states - Protection of large area to primitive peoples - Contrast of large and small areas in bio-geography - Political domination of large areas - Area and literature - Small geographic base of primitive societies - Influence of small, confined areas - The process of territorial growth - Historical advance from small to large areas - Gradations in area and in development - Preliminaries to ethnic and political expansion - Significance of sphere of influence or activity - Nature of expansion in new and old countries - Relation of ethnic to political expansion - Relation of people and state to political boundary - Expansion of civilization - Cultural advantages of large political area - Politico-economic advantages - Political area and the national horizon - National estimates of area-Limitations of small tribal conceptions - Evolution of territorial policies - Colonial expansion - The mind of colonials.
The boundary zone in Nature - Oscillating boundaries of the habitable area of the earth - Wallace's Line a typical boundary zone Boundaries as limits of expansion - Boundary zone as index of growth or decline - Breadth of boundary zone-Broad frontier zones of active expansion Value of barrier boundaries - The sea as the absolute boundary - Natural boundaries as bases of ethnic and political boundaries - Primitive waste boundaries - Alien intrusions into border wastes - Politico-economic significance of the waste boundary - Common boundary districts Tariff free zones - Boundary zones of mingled race elements - Assimilation of civilization in boundary zones Relation of ethnic and cultural assimilation - The border zone of assimilation in political expansion - Tendency toward defection along political frontiers - The spirit of colonial frontiers - Free border states as political survivals - Guardians of the marches - Lawless citizens deported to political frontiers - Drift of lawless elements to the frontier - Asylums beyond the border.
The coast a zone of transition - The inner edge - Shifting of the inner edge - Outer edge in original settlement - In early navigation - In colonization - Inland advance of colonies - Interpenetration of land and sea - Ratio of shoreline to area - Criticism of the formula - Accessibility of coasts from hinterland - Accessibility of coasts from the sea - Embayed coasts - Contrasted coastal belts - Evolution of ports - Influence of offshore islands - Previous habitat of coast-dweller - Habitability of coasts as a factor in maritime development - Geographic conditions for brilliant maritime development - Scope and importance of seaward expansion - Ethnic contrast between coast and interior peoples - Ethnic amalgamations of coastlands - Lingua franca a product of coasts - Coast-dwellers as middlemen -Differentiation of coast from inland people - Early civilization of coasts - Progress from thalassic to oceanic coasts - Importance of geographic location of coasts - Historical decline of certain coasts - Complex interplay of geographic factors in coastlands.
The water a factor in man's mobility - Oceans and seas the factor of union in universal history - Origin of navigation - Primitive forms - Relation of river to marine navigation - Retarded and advanced navigation - Geographic conditions in Polynesia - Mediterranean versus Atlantic seamanship - Three geographic stages of maritime development - Enclosed seas as areas of ethnic and cultural assimilation - Assimilation facilitated by ethnic kinship - Importance of zonal and continental location of enclosed seas - Thalassic character of the Indian Ocean - Limitations of small area in enclosed seas - Successive maritime periods in history - Contrasted historical roles of northern and southern hemispheres - Size of the ocean - Neutrality of the seas - Mare clausum and Mare liberum.
The protection of a water frontier - Pile villages of ancient times - Modern pile dwellings - Their geographic distribution - River-dwellers in old and popular lands - Man's encroachment upon the sea by reclamation of land - The struggle with the water - Mound villages in river flood-plains - Social and political gain by control of the water - A factor in early civilization of arid lands - The economy of the water - Fisheries - Factors in maritime expansion - Fisheries as nurseries of seamen - Anthropo-geographic importance of navigation.
Rivers as intermediaries between land and sea - Sea navigation merges into river navigation - Historical importance of seas and oceans influenced by their debouching streams - Lack of coast articulations supplied by rivers - River highways as basis of commercial preeminence - Importance of rivers in large countries - Rivers as highways of expansion - Determinants of routes in arid or semi-arid lands - Increasing historical importance of rivers from source to mouth-value of location at hydrographic centers - Effect of current upon trade and expansion - Importance of mouth to upstream people - Prevention of monopoly of river mouths Motive for canals in lower course - Watershed canals for extension of inland waterways - Rivers and railroads Natural unity of every river system - In arid lands as common source of water supply - Tendency towards ethnic and cultural unity in a river valley - Identity of country with river valley - Rivers as boundaries of races and peoples - Rivers as political boundaries - Fluvial settlements and peoples - Boatman tribes or castes - River islands as protected sites - River and lake islands as robber strongholds - River peninsulas - River islands as sites of trading posts and colonies - Swamps as barriers and boundaries - Swamps as regions of survivals - Swamps as places of refuge - The spirit of the marshes - Economic and political importance of lakes - Lakes as nuclei of states Lakes as fresh-water seas.
Insularity of the land-masses - Classification of land-masses according to size and location - Effect of the size of landmasses - Independence due to location versus independence due to size - Continental convergence and ethnic kinship Africa's location - The Atlantic abyss - Geographical character of the Pacific - Pacific affinities of North America - The Atlantic face of America as the infant Orient of the world - The Atlantic abyss in the movements of peoples Races and continents - Contrast of the northern and southern continents - Effects of continental structure upon historical development - Structure of North and South America - Cultural superiority of Pacific slope Indians Coast articulations of continents - Importance of size in continental articulations - Peninsular conditions most favorable to historical development - The continental base of peninsulas - Continental base a zone of transition - Continental base the scene of invasion and war - Peninsular extremities as areas of isolation - Ethnic unity of peninsulas - Peninsulas as intermediaries.
Physical relationship between islands and peninsulas - Character of insular flora and fauna - Paradoxical influences of island habitat on man - Conservative and radical tendencies born of isolation and accessibility - Islands as nurseries and disseminators of distinctive civilizations - Limitation of small area in insular history - Sources of ethnic stock of islands on nearest mainland. Ethnic divergence with increased isolation - Differentiation of peoples and civilizations in islands - Differentiation of language - Unification of race in islands - Remoter sources of island populations - Double sources - Mixed population of small thalassic isles - Significant location of island way stations - Thalassic islands as goals of maritime expansion - Political detachability of islands - Insular weakness based upon small area - Island fragments of broken empires - Area and location as factors in political autonomy of islands - Historical effects of island isolation in primitive retardation - Later stimulation of development - Excessive isolation - Protection of an island environment - Islands as places of refuge - Islands as places of survival - Effects of small area in islands Economic limitations of their small area - Dense population of islands - Geographic causes of this density Oceanic climate as factor - Relation of density to size Density affected by a focal location for trade - Overflow of island population and colonies to the mainland - Precocious development of island agriculture - Intensive tillage Emigration and colonization from islands - Recent emigration from islands - Maritime enterprise as outlet - Artificial checks to population - Polyandry - Infanticide - Low valuation of human life.
Relief of the sea floor - Mean elevations of the continents Distribution of relief - Homologous reliefs and homologous histories - Anthropo-geography of lowlands - Extensive plains unfavorable to early development - Conditions for fusion in plains - Retardation due to monotonous environment - Influence of slight geographic features in plains - Plains and political expansion - Arid plains - Nomadism Pastoral life - Pastoral nomads of Arctic plains - Historical importance of steppe nomads - Mobility of pastoral nomads - Seasonal migrations - Marauding expeditions - Forms of defense against nomad depredations - Pastoral life as a training for soldiers - Capacity for political organization and consolidation - Centralization versus decentralization in nomadism - Spirit of independence among nomads - Resistance to conquest - Curtailment of nomadism Supplementary agriculture of pastoral nomadism - Irrigation and horticulture - Scant diet of nomads - Effects of a diminishing water supply - Checks to population - Trade of nomads - Pastoral nomads as middlemen - Desert markets - Nomad industries - Arid lands as areas of arrested development - Mental and moral qualities of nomads - Religion of pastoral nomads.
Man as part of the mobile envelope of the earth - Inaccessibility of mountains - Mountains as transit regions - Transition forms of relief between highlands and lowlands - Piedmont belts as boundary zones - Density of population in piedmont belts - Piedmont towns and cities - Piedmonts as colonial or backwoods frontiers - Mountain carriers - Power of mountain barriers to block or deflect historical movement - Significance of mountain valleys - Longitudinal valleys - Passes in mountain barriers - Breadth of mountain barriers - Dominant transmontane routes - Height and form of mountain barriers - Contrasted accessibility of opposite slopes - Political and ethnic effects - Persistence of barrier nature - Importance of mountain passes - Geographic conditions affecting the historical importance of passes - Passes determine the transmontane routes - Navigable river approaches to passes - Types of settlement in the valley approaches - Pass cities and their markets - Pass peoples - Their political importance.
Zones of altitude - Politico-economic value of a varied relief - Relief and climate - Altitude zones of economic and cultural development - Altitude and density belts in tropical highlands - Increasing density where altitude confers safety Geographic conditions affecting density of mountain population - Terrace agriculture - Its geographical distribution Terrace agriculture in mountainous islands - Among savage peoples Fertilizing terrace lands - Economy of level land-Mountain pastures and stock-raising - Life and industry of the summer herdsmen - Communal ownership of mountain pastures - Hay making in high mountains Winter industries of mountain peoples - Overpopulation and emigration - Preventive checks to increase of population - Religious celibacy - Polyandry - Marauding tendencies in mountaineers - Historical consequences of mountain raiding - Conquest of mountain regions - Political dismemberment of mountain peoples - Types of mountain states Significance of their small size - Mountain isolation and differentiation - Survival of primitive races in mountains Diversity of peoples and dialects - Constriction of mountain areas of ethnic survival - Isolation and retardation of mountain regions - Mental and moral qualities of mountain people.
Importance of climatic influences - Climate in the interplay of geographic factors - Its direct and indirect effects Climate determines the habitable area of the earth - Effect of climate upon relief and hence upon man - Man's adaptability to climatic extremes - Temperature as modified by oceans and winds - Rainfall - Temperature and zonal location - Mutual reactions of contrasted zones - Isothermal lines in anthropo-geography - Historical effects of compressed isotherms - Historical effects of slight climatic differences - Their influence upon distribution of immigration Temperature and race temperament - Complexity of this problem - Monotonous climatic conditions - Effects of Arctic cold - Effect of monotonous heat - The tropics as goals of migration - The problem of acclimatization - Historical importance of the temperate zone - Contrast of the seasons Duration of the seasons - Effect of long winters and long summers - Zones of culture - Temperate zone as cradle of civilization.
Created on February 26, 1996 by LNC.
Last Updated: on December 12, 1997 by RRR.