Ch 3

Themes	North America	Latin America	Sub-Saharan Africa	Europe	Russia and Its Neighbors	East Asia	South Asia	Southeast Asia	Southwest Asia and North Africa
Globalization Issues	Part of G-7	SAPs	SAPs (defined in ch 6)	East: SAPs; West: part of G-7	SAPs; Fall of Berlin Wall (1989)	SAPs Japan – part of G-7	SAPs, not well connected globally	SAPs, free-trade and collapse of economies	Oil, fundamental Islam
Political System	Democracy; Federalism	Democracy	Big Man Politics, Kleptocracies; 1990s more democracies	EU: legislates trade, envtl issues;	Socialism; (+ E. Eur pre-1989); Union Republics; Glasnost and Perestroika; Devolution	China – communism, 1950s “great leap forward”, 1960s “cultural revolution”, 1970s economic reforms.	India org’d as Federal States	Crony Capitalism; Kleptocracy Republics, Monarchies, Military Regimes, Vietman - communism
Demographic Transistion / Population (Table 1.1)	Phase 4		Family size; African poverty; high infant and child mortality; high AIDS mortality	Phase 4	Most of population in West; low birth rates, rising death rates (social and envtl causes)	Highest pop region (surge in population due to higher fertility?; pop on east coast; China 1-child policy	Fastest rate of increase, 2^nd highest region; Family size; Generally low levels of health, well-being; Differential Neglect	Persistent poverty in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos	Physiological density (dependents on water availability)
Migration Patterns	Immigrants from all over	Immigrants from all over; rural-to-urban; migrate to North and transnationalism	Rural-to-urban; refugees; transhumance (seasonal migration)	East to west	Controlled by govt: 1. Eastward (RR), 2. political imperative (to factory towns, to Siberia, to Gulag), 3. Russification		Indian diaspora	Transmigration; shifted cultivators

Migration push/pulls

Pulls: better way of life

Push: drought, war, ineffective economic policies

Germ-Guest Workers; Schengen Agreement

Mechanization of agric displaces workers

Contract labor (usu from India or China)

Settlement

Westward; Township and Range; settle frontier; counter-urbanization

Encomiendas; Ejidos; growth poles

Agricultural subsistence; Pastoralists; S. Africa – resettlement to “homelands”, Apartheid; “disease factor” (malaria, tsetse fly)

“The Pale”; Nation-States

Russian

Soviets: Russification

Largely rural, but rapid urban migration;

Bustees;

Relatively sparse;

Salinization; Pastoral nomadism;

The rise of trade Centers

Cities

Megalopolis;

Gentrification;

Barrio/Ghetto;

Urban primacy;

Squatter Settlements

Overurbani-zation; Urban primacy

Ghettoization

Marxist philosophy encourages urbanization; carefully planned, concentric land-use zones; largest cities in West

Japan-- highly urbanized, supercon-urbation;

Taiwan, Korea, China mostly rural; Chinese cites according to geometric principles, cities evenly spaced; Urban primacy (Seoul, S Korea; Taipei, Taiwan)

Urban Primacy, ex: Bangkok, Manila, Jakarta

Shaped by Islam: Medina, market place; Modern- squatter settlements

Language	US: Engl/Span Can: Engl/French	Spanish, Portuguese, Native languages	Multiple: Francophone, Anglophone, Afrikaans, Arabic		Russian	Ideographic	Wide mixture: Indo-Aryan (Hindi), Dravidian, Bengal, Urdu, more	Malay (Austronesion), many others
Religion/ Religious Tensions	Religious “tolerance”	Catholicism, syncretic religions	Christianity, Islam, Animism	Protestant (north), Catholicism (south); Modern = secularization, Ireland	Atheist (under socialism); Eastern orthodox	Buddhism; (Confucianism – not truly a religion); Communists discourage religion;	Hinduism (90% India); Islam (Pakistan, Bangladesh); Sikh (Punjab province); Buddhism (Sri Lanka esp)	Indonesia largest Muslim pop.; Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity, Animism	Islamic Fundamentalism; Christianity and Islam are universalizing religions; Judaism is an ethnic religion
Ethnic Tensions	Cultural assimilation	Complex system of racial castes	Rwanda: Hutus and Tutsis; Tribes	Former Yugoslavia: 1. Serbs-E. orthodox – Cyrillic 2. Croats – catholic – latin 3. Bosnians – muslim-?	Autonomous areas recognize special ethnic homelands	Cultural Revolution; Tienanmen Squ in Beijing, student revolt (1989);	Caste system (Hindu); Sri Lanka – buddhist Sinhalese vs Hindu Tamils (war in 1983)
Nations/ Nation-states					Inward orientation, little contact with outside	China: Inward orientation, little contact with outside

Colonialism

Britain, others

Spain, Portugal

Scramble for Africa: Fr, Spn, Port, Dutch, Brit, etc;

Enslavement caused massive de-population;

Russian expansion parallels Eur. colonialism

Japan; China port cities b Europeans (esp Shanghai);

British East India Company: Mumbai, Calcutt, madras, New Delhi

Europeans: Portuguese, British, Dutch, French, spanish, U.S., Japan

Britain, France

International and Supranational (give up some sovereignty)

Organizations

NATO; NAFTA (Mex-US-Canada); OAS

NAFTA (Mex); MercoSur; OAS; (drug cartels)

OAU;

Trade blocs: SADC, ECOWAS

EU; NATO

ASEAN

OPEC

Economic Development

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Sectors; post-industrial economy

Informal Sector; Columbian Exchange; Dependency Theory; primary export dependency; import substitution

Post-Colonialism; Plantation agriculture; crop prices low to encourage export crops (hurts farmers); Aid vs Investment

Post WWII = Marshall Plan;

EU monetary union and common market

Central control : Socialism= command economy, agriculture collectivized; post WWII = Comecan;

Recent economic decline, privatization begins 1993

Authoritarian;

Japan (rich) food importer/pollution exporter; japan’s economy collapses in 1990s. Wood from SE Asia, Latin Am, N Am;

North Korea food self-sufficiency; China Poor, “Special Economic Zones” (coastal), Manchuria-rust belt;Taiwan small and mid-size family firms; Hong Kong – laissez-faire

Green Revolution (beg 1960s); Extreme poverty, but growing middle class; Grameen Bank; India mixed socialist-capitalist system, liberalization of economy beg 1990s

Tiger Economies, rise and collapse;

Plantation agriculture; export-based economies

Influence of Islam, Oil in SW Asia

Borders	Treaty of Hidalgo (Mexico); Will Quebec secede?; cultural homelands	Treaty of Tordesillas	Berlin Conference divided Africa, not based on nations; current: Tyranny of the Map	WWI (irredentism) + economic depression à (Axis and Allies) WWII and redrawing of map à Cold War; Schengenland (Fortress Europe); Berlin War; Nationalism; NATO; Balkanization;	Warsaw Pact and buffer zone (Iron Curtain) Post-Cold War	Treaty of Versailles (after WWII); Cold War (China, N Korea, USSR vs Japan, Taiwan S.Korea w US)	Partition (1947); Kashmir (India vs Pakistan and nuclear weapons; Russian war in Afghanistan (fight for Communism)	Communism vs Democracy; Vietnam War; Korean War; Domino Theory	Balfour Declaration (1917);
Lecture Theme 1	Race	Maqiladoras	Rawanda	The EU	War in Afghanistan (Soviet “Vietnam”)	Student Revolt / Tianneman Square	Micro-Lending	?Tiger Economies	Geography of Oil
Lecture Theme 2	Agribusiness	Zapatistas	AIDS	Former Yugoslavia	Socialism (plus E. Europe)				Promises Video
Lecture Theme 3	WTO	Kayapo Video		The Black Triangle					Islam (5 pillars)
Recitation	Nuclear Colonialism	Rainforest / Globalization	Rawanda	European Union / Generation Gap in E. Europe	Environmental Degradation	Asian Tigers	Micro- Lending		Geography of Oil

Overarching Concepts:

Globalization – the increasing interconnectedness of people and places through converging processes of economic, political, and cultural change.

Regions – results of compressing and synthesizing vast amounts of information into spatial categories of similar traits.

Colonialism – formal establishment of governmental rule over a foreign population.

Neo-colonialism – economic and political strategies by which powerful states indirectly (and sometimes directly) extend their influence over other weaker states.

Neo-liberalism – stresses privatization; export production; few restrictions on imports; reject state intervention and self-sufficiency

Critiques of Globalization (4) -- not natural; increases inequalities; promotes neo-liberalism at expense of local market; rich countries didn’t get rich this way.

Scales: Global to Local

Geography more than just “the where” – physical geography, human-environment interactions, cartography and GIS, human geography, cultural geography, political geography, economic geography, etc.

Demographic Transition Model – 4 phases that mark population changes that accompany phases of development

Culture – shared behavior held in common by a group of people, a “way of life”

Ethnic culture – characterized by strong sense of tradition controlled by clear lines of authority through family, clan, or church

Cultural Imperialism - active promotion of one cultural system over another.

Geopolitics – describes and explains the close link between geography and political activity, and focuses on the interaction between power, territory, and space, at all scales.

Structural Adjustment Programs-

Cold War divisions: 1. First World = democratic, capitalist countries; 2. Second World=communist, socialist countries; 3. Third World=not allied with first or second world countries.

Growth – increase in the size of a system

Development – qualitative and quantitative measures indicating structural changes with accompanying changes in the use of labor, capital and technology