*`tEpE @@@ @@@@33}6\E EN DB E     & . ?X FcV s } /     fi3 Lakeman20031f21\fs24 Belostotsky, D. A. 2003. Unexpected Complexity of Poly(A)-Binding Protein Gene Families in Flowering Plants: Three Conserved Lineages That Are at Least 200 Million Years Old and Possible Auto- and Cross-Regulation. {\i Genetics} {\b 163}(1): 311-319.\par }}ermine whether the TEM {beta}-lactamases have the potential to evolve cefepime resistance, we evolved the ancestral TEM allele, TEM-1, in vitro and selected for cefepime resistance. After four rounds of mutagenesis and selection for increased cefepime resistance each of eight independent populations reached a level equivalent to clinical resistance. All eight evolved alleles increased the level of cefepime resistance by a factor of at least 32, and the best allele improved by a factor of 512. Sequencing showed that alleles contained from two to six amino acid substitutions, many of which were shared a"q Larkin2003V Laurie20030a Le20032Lebel-Hardenack2003^ Lebris20030^ Lecomte20037 Lee2003Y Lee2003Y Lee2003d Lee2003< Leister2003 Lenormand20034 LI2003<4 LI200339 Li20032W Li2003 Linder20033 Lindsey2003,LINSTEAD20033' Liu20034 LIU2003h Liu2003/ LODWIG2003Q Lomax2003 Lonnig20030 Ludwig20034 LUO2003S Luo2003R Lynch2003J Ma2003E Machida20037 Madlung2003X Malloy2003 Mandolino2003% Manuel20030T Mariottini2003I6 Martienssen20037 Martienssen2003# Matsunaga2003ZMattsson2003Mauricio20033 MCCOUCH2003McMullen20030D Meeley20033N Meijer20030[ Meinke2003[ Meinke2003H Meng20033, MIEDEMA2003K Miyoshi2003 Moliterni2003 Moore2003G Moore2003h Moore2003T Moreno20032* Motohashi2003[ Mueller2003 Muller20030p Murray20033> Muszynski2003, MYLONA20030KNagasawa2003 Nagato2003K Nagato20033_Nakamura20038Nakazono2003E Nam2003X Ness20030M Newman20030 Nindl2003' Noyes2003* Ohtsubo2003* Ohtsubo2003\Onckelen2003aOnckelen200337 Osborn2003e Ottenschlager2003a Paepe2003a Palme2003e Palme2003L Parker2003'Paterson2003-Paterson2003 Peloquin20030S Pennington2003Ib Percifield2003I<Pesaresi2003Peterson20030@ Pichersky2003 Poduska2003C Poethig2003U Ponce2003/ POOLE2003 Purugganan2003X Qi200304 QIAN2003w8 Qiu2003j Qu2003r Ranalli2003 Ransom2003: Ratcliffe2003 Redweik2003l Regan2003: Riechmann2003 Rieseberg2003 Ritter20033h Rolland20031 Rolland-Lagan2003' Rong20033- Rong20030\ Rosin2003] Rosin2003^ Roudier2003m Rudall2003N Rueb2003 Saedler2003< Saedler2003a Saibo2003K Sakai2003MSalazar-Ciudad2003MeSandberg20033kSandberg2003 Sangar20033K Sano200302 SATO20030  Satoh2003K Satoh2003N Scarpella2003q Schiefelbein2003w[Schissel20033sSchluter20033D Schmidt20038Schnable2003!Schnyder20033L Schofield2003F Schnrock2003Schwarz-Sommer2003'Senchina2003 Serna2003W Seto20030? Shchennikova2003` Shealy2003sh Sheen2003 Shepard2003 Shikazono2003_ Shimada2003. Shimamoto2003[ Showalter2003; Shpak2003 Siroky2003na Smalle2003ha Smets2003E Soh2003c Solano20030Y Song2003<Sorensen2003 Stahl2003c Stepanova2003aStraeten20033 Stuber20030P Sultan2003LSundberg20033 Suzuki20030B Takahashi2003W Takatsuto2003_ Takatsuto2003Talamali2003. Tamaki2003 Tanaka20030 Tano20032F Taranto20039 Tax20034 TENG20033`Thibaud-Nissen2003M@ Tholl2003 Thomas20030 Tian200305 TIAN2003wn Tichtinsky2003Ia Tietz2003; Torii2003, TORRES20033$Townsend20035 TRAW2003w* Tsuchimoto2003E Tsukaya2003L Turner20030[ Tzafrir2003E Ueno2003 Ungerer2003< Unte2003 van Nocker2003a Vandenbussche2003n Vanoosthuyse2003^ Vaubert2003aVerbelen20033` Vodkin2003s Vyskot2003n# Vyskot200302 WADA20030F Walser200334 WANG2003w4 WANG20033D Wang20032o Wasteneys2003Watanabe20033' Wendel20033b Wendel200323 Wessler2003f Whittle2003' Wilkins2003' Wing20032c Wisman20030e Wolff2003e Wolverton2003: Wong20032 Wunder20030g Wyrzykowska20034 XIONG2003. Yano20030. Yokoi2003 Yokota20030W Yoshida2003_ Yoshida20034 YUAN200304 ZENG20033 Zhang20033 ZHANG2003k Zhang2003J Zhao2003h Zhou20033A Zik200320033A Zik2003 Mandolino2003% Manuel20030T Mariottini2003I6 Martienssen20037 Martienssen2003# Matsunaga2003ZMattsson2003Mauricio20033 MCCOUCH2003McMullen20030D Meeley20033N Meijer20030[ Meinke2003[ Meinke2003H Meng20033, MIEDEMA2003K Miyoshi2003 Moliterni2003 Moore2003G Moore2003T Moreno20032* Motohashi2003[ Mueller2003 Muller20030> Muszynski2003, MYLONA20030KNagasawa2003 Nagato2003K Nagato20033_Nakamura20038Nakazono2003E Nam2003X Ness20030M Newman20030 Nindl2003' Noyes2003* Ohtsubo2003* Ohtsubo2003\Onckelen2003aOnckelen200337 Osborn2003a Paepe2003a Palme2003L Parker2003'Paterson2003-Paterson2003 Peloquin20030S Pennington2003Ib Percifield2003I<Pesaresi2003Peterson20030@ Pichersky2003 Poduska2003C Poethig2003U Ponce2003/ POOLE2003 Purugganan2003X Qi200304 QIAN2003w8 Qiu2003 Ranalli2003 Ransom2003: Ratcliffe2003 Redweik2003: Riechmann2003 Rieseberg2003 Ritter200331 Rolland-Lagan2003' Rong20033- Rong20030\ Rosin2003] Rosin2003^ Roudier2003N Rueb2003 Saedler2003< Saedler2003a Saibo2003K Sakai2003MSalazar-Ciudad2003M Sangar20033K Sano200302 SATO20030  Satoh2003K Satoh2003N Scarpella2003[Schissel20033D Schmidt20038Schnable2003!Schnyder20033L Schofield2003F Schnrock2003Schwarz-Sommer2003'Senchina2003 Serna2003W Seto20030? Shchennikova2003` Shealy2003s Shepard2003 Shikazono2003_ Shimada2003. Shimamoto2003[ Showalter2003; Shpak2003 Siroky2003na Smalle2003ha Smets2003E Soh2003Y Song2003<Sorensen2003 Stahl2003aStraeten20033 Stuber20030P Sultan2003LSundberg20033 Suzuki20030B Takahashi2003W Takatsuto2003_ Takatsuto2003Talamali2003. Tamaki2003 Tanaka20030 Tano20032F Taranto20039 Tax20034 TENG20033`Thibaud-Nissen2003M@ Tholl2003 Thomas20030 Tian200305 TIAN2003wa Tietz2003; Torii2003, TORRES20033$Townsend20035 TRAW2003w* Tsuchimoto2003E Tsukaya2003L Turner20030[ Tzafrir2003E Ueno2003 Ungerer2003< Unte2003 van Nocker2003a Vandenbussche2003^ Vaubert2003aVerbelen20033` Vodkin2003s Vyskot2003n# Vyskot200302 WADA20030F Walser200334 WANG2003w4 WANG20033D Wang20032Watanabe20033' Wendel20033b Wendel200323 Wessler2003' Wilkins2003' Wing20032: Wong20032 Wunder200304 XIONG2003. Yano20030. Yokoi2003 Yokota20030W Yoshida2003_ Yoshida20034 YUAN200304 ZENG20033 Zhang20033 ZHANG2003J Zhao2003A Zik2003    elelc noatnideo ln yhter eussbitutitno.semhtdo shttae tsmita eavirbaeld /NSdr taoi smano gilengase ,mano giset,sa dna omgna c moibanitnoo fobhtl niaeeg sna diset seweru itilez.dS atittscilayls giinifactns puoptrw sao tbiaen dof r ayhophtsesio fopisitevs leceitnod irivgnt ehe ovulitnoo fEITMs nieci sto irig.nS buesuqne taBeyisnaa anyles sdineitifdes verelas tisei nEITMt ah taheve pxreeicndep sotivi eeseltcoi.nM so tfot ehesp sotioisna eri nht ecaitevs ti efoI ME Tna dah Authors  Journals  Keywords                               E ! | Abad, PierreAbe, MitsutomoAdams, Keith L. Ahn, Ji Hoon ALLAWAY, D.Alonso, Jose M. Alvarez, InesAmbrose, Barbara A.Ananiev, Evgueni V.Angelini, RiccardoAngenent, Gerco C.Arredondo, J. TulioArthur, WallaceAuger, Donald L.Aukerman, Milo J.Ausubel, Frederick M.Aydt, Carrie M.Bagatta, ManuelaBailey, Paul C.Bajji, MohammedBalbi, VirginiaBangham, J. A. BAO, Z.Barkman, Todd J.Barlow, MiriamBarrier, MarianneBarroso, Mara LuisaBateman, Richard M.Baum, David A. Beeckman, TomBeemster, Gerrit T. S.Belostotsky, Dmitry A.Bennett, Malcolm J.Berardini, Tanya Z.Bergelson, JoyBerleth, ThomasBerndtgen, RitaBhalerao, RishikeshBhalerao, Rishikesh P. Bhat, DeeptiBirchler, James A.Bird, Susannah M.Bollman, Krista M.Bomblies, KirstenBorking, AmandaBorsuk, Lisa A. BOTHWELL, J. BOURDS, A. BOWERS, JohnBrocard-Gifford, Ins M.Broman, Karl W.Brown, John W. S.Brown, Matt L. BROWNLEE, C.Buell, C. RobinBushman, Shaun Busscher-Lange, JacquelineBustamante, Carlos D.Campos, Mara EugeniaCarboni, AndreaCarputo, Domenico Casero, PedroCasimiro, IldaCassab, Gladys I.Casson, Stuart A.Cavalieri, Duccio Cavet, G.Cenci, FrancescoCerny, R. EricCervelli, ManuelaChaerle, Laury CHAPMAN, BradCharbonnel, NathalieCharlesworth, Deborah Chek, N. Chen, Feng CHEN, J. Q.Cheng, ChaoyangCheng, Wan-Hsing Choi, Yang DoChopra, SurinderChris Pires, J.CHRISTENSEN, S.Citerne, Hlne L.Ckurshumova, WenzislavaClark, Steven E.Cocciolone, Suzy M. Cock, J. Mark Coen, E. Coen, Enrico Colinayok, V.Colot, Vincent Comai, LucaCona, AlessandraCorkidi, Gabriel COSTA, S.Coupland, GeorgeCronk, Quentin C.B.Cronn, RichardCronn, Richard C.Crucitti, PaolaD'Auria, John C. Dalal, MonicaDanilevskaya, Olga N. DAVIES, J. M.Davies, Peter J.Dawe, R. Kellyde Andrade Silva, Eugeniade Meijer, Etienne P. M. DEMIDCHIK, V.Deng, Xing Wang Deutsch, Jeandevelopment, ReproductiveDewitte, WalterDi Stilio, V. S. Dievart, Anne Doebley, John Doerge, R. W. DOLAN, L.Dolezel, Jaroslav DOWNIE, J. A. Drake, T. A.Dubrovsky, Joseph G.Dunford, Roy P.  Am. J. Bot. Am. J. Bot.0-Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. DevelopmentEvolution & DevelopmentGenetics Genetics@:International Journal of Plant Sciences Int. J. Plant Sci. Mol Biol Evol Mol Biol Evol NaturewNew Phytol New PhytolPlant Cell Plant CellPlant Physiologist4.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science@] SciencewTrends in GeneticsTrends in Plant Sciences                "J,2?\U`9Rp ("Dewitte, Walter Murray, James A.H.THE PLANT CELL CYCLE 2003Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.235-264a541B7http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/5/1198u May 1, 20033The CLAVATA1 (CLV1) receptor kinase controls stem cell number and differentiation at the Arabidopsis shoot and flower meristems. Other components of the CLV1 signaling pathway include the secreted putative ligand CLV3 and the receptor-like protein CLV2. We report evidence indicating that all intermediate and strong clv1 alleles are dominant negative and likely interfere with the activity of unknown receptor kinase(s) that have functional overlap with CLV1. clv1 dominant-negative alleles show major differences from dominant-negative alleles characterized to date in animal receptor kinase signaling systems, including the lack of a dominant-negative effect of kinase domain truncation and the ability of missense mutations in the extracellular domain to act in a dominant-negative manner. We analyzed chimeric receptor kinases by fusing CLV1 and BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) coding sequences and expressing these in clv1 null backgrounds. Constructs containing the CLV1 extracellular domain and the BRI1 kinase domain were strongly dominant negative in the regulation of meristem development. Furthermore, we show that CLV1 expressed within the pedicel can partially replace the function of the ERECTA receptor kinase. We propose the presence of multiple receptors that regulate meristem development in a functionally related manner whose interactions are driven by the extracellular domains and whose activation requires the kinase domain.{Delfeena Eapen Mara Luisa Barroso Mara Eugenia Campos Georgina Ponce Gabriel Corkidi Joseph G. Dubrovsky Gladys I. Cassab 2003]A no hydrotropic response Root Mutant that Responds Positively to Gravitropism in Arabidopsisa  0 Plant Physiologist 131536-546ngFerrario, Silvia Immink, Richard G. H. Shchennikova, Anna Busscher-Lange, Jacqueline Angenent, Gerco C.SJDThe MADS Box Gene FBP2 Is Required for SEPALLATA Function in Petunia 2003 Plant Cell Plant Cell914-925e154 <6http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/914 April 1, 2003a The ABC model, which was accepted for almost a decade as a paradigm for flower development in angiosperms, has been subjected recently to a significant modification with the introduction of the new class of E-function genes. This function is required for the proper action of the B- and C-class homeotic proteins and is provided in Arabidopsis by the SEPALLATA1/2/3 MADS box transcription factors. A triple mutant in these partially redundant genes displays homeotic conversion of petals, stamens, and carpels into sepaloid organs and loss of determinacy in the center of the flower. A similar phenotype was obtained by cosuppression of the MADS box gene FBP2 in petunia. Here, we provide evidence that this phenotype is caused by the downregulation of both FBP2 and the paralog FBP5. Functional complementation of the sepallata mutant by FBP2 and our finding that the FBP2 protein forms multimeric complexes with other floral homeotic MADS box proteins indicate that FBP2 represents the same E function as SEP3 in Arabidopsis.FOREMAN, J. DEMIDCHIK, V. BOTHWELL, J. MYLONA, P. MIEDEMA, H. TORRES, M. Angel. LINSTEAD, P. COSTA, S. BROWNLEE, C. JONES, J. DAVIES, J. M. DOLAN, L.\ 2003RLReactive oxygen species produced by NADPH oxidase regulate plant cell growth Nature 422442-446 27 March 2003Cell expansion is a central process in plant morphogenesis, and the elongation of roots and root hairs is essential for uptake of minerals and water from the soil. Ca2+ influx from the extracellular store is required for (and sets the rates of) cell elongation in roots. Arabidopsis thaliana rhd2 mutants are defective in Ca2+ uptake and consequently cell expansion is compromisedrhd2 mutants have short root hairs and stunted roots. To determine the regulation of Ca2+ acquisition in growing root cells we show here that RHD2 is an NADPH oxidase, a protein that transfers electrons from NADPH to an electron acceptor leading to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We show that ROS accumulate in growing wild-type (WT) root hairs but their levels are markedly decreased in rhd2 mutants. Blocking the activity of the NADPH oxidase with diphenylene iodonium (DPI) inhibits ROS formation and phenocopies Rhd2-. Treatment of rhd2 roots with ROS partly suppresses the mutant phenotype and stimulates the activity of plasma membrane hyperpolarization-activated Ca2+ channels, the predominant root Ca2+ acquisition system. This indicates that NADPH oxidases control development by making ROS that regulate plant cell expansion through the activation of Ca2+ channels.o Gielis, Johanob[A generic geometric transformation that unifies a wide range of natural and abstract shapes 2003 Am. J. Bot. Am. J. Bot.L333-338a903 :3http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/90/3/333l March 1, 2003n82To study forms in plants and other living organisms, several mathematical tools are available, most of which are general tools that do not take into account valuable biological information. In this report I present a new geometrical approach for modeling and understanding various abstract, natural, and man-made shapes. Starting from the concept of the circle, I show that a large variety of shapes can be described by a single and simple geometrical equation, the Superformula. Modification of the parameters permits the generation of various natural polygons. For example, applying the equation to logarithmic or trigonometric functions modifies the metrics of these functions and all associated graphs. As a unifying framework, all these shapes are proven to be circles in their internal metrics, and the Superformula provides the precise mathematical relation between Euclidean measurements and the internal non-Euclidean metrics of shapes. Looking beyond Euclidean circles and Pythagorean measures reveals a novel and powerful way to study natural forms and phenomena.[hbDavid W. Meinke Laura K. Meinke Thomas C. Showalter Anna M. Schissel Lukas A. Mueller Iris Tzafrir 2003F@A Sequence-Based Map of Arabidopsis Genes with Mutant PhenotypesPlant Physiologist 131k409-418vpMoore, Richard C. Kozyreva, Olga Lebel-Hardenack, Sabine Siroky, Jiri Hobza, Roman Vyskot, Boris Grant, Sarah R.Genetic and Functional Analysis of DD44, a Sex-Linked Gene From the Dioecious Plant Silene latifolia, Provides Clues to Early Events in Sex Chromosome Evolution 2003GeneticsGenetics321-334u 163n1o<6http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/1/321January 1, 2003mSilene latifolia is a dioecious plant with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. The sex chromosomes of S. latifolia provide an opportunity to study the early events in sex chromosome evolution because of their relatively recent emergence. In this article, we present the genetic and physical mapping, expression analysis, and molecular evolutionary analysis of a sex-linked gene from S. latifolia, DD44 (Differential Display 44). DD44 is homologous to the oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein, an essential component of the mitochondrial ATP synthase, and is ubiquitously expressed in both sexes. We have been able to genetically map DD44 to a region of the Y chromosome that is genetically linked to the carpel-suppressing locus. Although we have physically mapped DD44 to the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), DD44 maps to the opposite arm of the Y chromosome as determined by our genetic map. These data suggest that chromosomal rearrangements have occurred on the Y chromosome, which may have contributed to the genetic isolation of the Y chromosome. We discuss the implications of these results with respect to the structural and functional evolution of the S. latifolia Y chromosome.'*N60Enrico Scarpella Saskia Rueb Annemarie H. Meijer 2003NHThe RADICLELESS1 gene is required for vascular pattern formation in rice Developmentn 130p645-658Schwarz-Sommer, Zsuzsanna de Andrade Silva, Eugenia Berndtgen, Rita Lonnig, Wolf-Ekkehard Muller, Andreas Nindl, Ingo Stuber, Kurt Wunder, Jorg Saedler, Heinz Gubitz, Thomas Borking, Amanda Golz, John F. Ritter, Enrique Hudson, AndrewPJA Linkage Map of an F2 Hybrid Population of Antirrhinum majus and A. molle 2003GeneticsGenetics699-710  163u2e<6http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/2/699February 1, 2003To increase the utility of Antirrhinum for genetic and evolutionary studies, we constructed a molecular linkage map for an interspecific hybrid A. majus x A. molle. An F2 population (n = 92) was genotyped at a minimum of 243 individual loci. Although distorted transmission ratios were observed at marker loci throughout the genome, a mapping strategy based on a fixed framework of codominant markers allowed the loci to be placed into eight robust linkage groups consistent with the haploid chromosome number of Antirrhinum. The mapped loci included 164 protein-coding genes and a similar number of unknown sequences mapped as AFLP, RFLP, ISTR, and ISSR markers. Inclusion of sequences from mutant loci allowed provisional alignment of classical and molecular linkage groups. The total map length was 613 cM with an average interval of 2.5 cM, but most of the loci were aggregated into clusters reducing the effective distance between markers. Potential causes of transmission ratio distortion and its effects on map construction were investigated. This first molecular linkage map for Antirrhinum should facilitate further mapping of mutations, major QTL, and other coding sequences in this model genus.rSenchina, David S. Alvarez, Ines Cronn, Richard C. Liu, Bao Rong, Junkang Noyes, Richard D. Paterson, Andrew H. Wing, Rod A. Wilkins, Thea A. Wendel, Jonathan F..PIRate Variation Among Nuclear Genes and the Age of Polyploidy in Gossypiumy 2003 Mol Biol Evole Mol Biol Evols633-643e204o>8http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/4/633 April 1, 2003tMolecular evolutionary rate variation in Gossypium (cotton) was characterized using sequence data for 48 nuclear genes from both genomes of allotetraploid cotton, models of its diploid progenitors, and an outgroup. Substitution rates varied widely among the 48 genes, with silent and replacement substitution levels varying from 0.018 to 0.162 and from 0.000 to 0.073, respectively, in comparisons between orthologous Gossypium and outgroup sequences. However, about 90% of the genes had silent substitution rates spanning a more narrow threefold range. Because there was no evidence of rate heterogeneity among lineages for any gene and because rates were highly correlated in independent tests, evolutionary rate is inferred to be a property of each gene or its genetic milieu rather than the clade to which it belongs. Evidence from approximately 200,000 nucleotides (40,000 per genome) suggests that polyploidy in Gossypium led to a modest enhancement in rates of nucleotide substitution. Phylogenetic analysis for each gene yielded the topology expected from organismal history, indicating an absence of gene conversion or recombination among homoeologs subsequent to allopolyploid formation. Using the mean synonymous substitution rate calculated across the 48 genes, allopolyploid cotton is estimated to have formed circa 1.5 million years ago (MYA), after divergence of the diploid progenitors about 6.7 MYA. Laura Serna,&Plant development lessons from animals 2003 New Phytol New Phytol 4-6d 157h1VOhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00670.x/abs6January 01, 20030*Shepard, Kristen A. Purugganan, Michael D.Molecular Population Genetics of the Arabidopsis CLAVATA2 Region: The Genomic Scale of Variation and Selection in a Selfing Species 2003GeneticsGenetics 1083-1095g 163n3b>7http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/3/1083  March 1, 2003r60The Arabidopsis thaliana CLAVATA2 (CLV2) gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat protein that regulates the development of the shoot meristem. The levels and patterns of nucleotide variation were assessed for CLV2 and 10 flanking genes that together span a 40-kb region of chromosome I. A total of 296 out of 7959 sequenced nucleotide sites were polymorphic. The mean levels of sequence diversity of the contiguous genes in this region are approximately twofold higher than those of other typical Arabidopsis nuclear loci. There is, however, wide variation in the levels and patterns of sequence variation among the 11 linked genes in this region, and adjacent genes appear to be subject to contrasting evolutionary forces. CLV2 has the highest levels of nucleotide variation in this region, a significant excess of intermediate frequency polymorphisms, and significant levels of intragenic linkage disequilibrium. Most alleles at CLV2 are found in one of three haplotype groups of moderate (>15%) frequency. These features suggest that CLV2 may harbor a balanced polymorphism.|vShikazono, Naoya Yokota, Yukihiko Kitamura, Satoshi Suzuki, Chihiro Watanabe, Hiroshi Tano, Shigemitsu Tanaka, AtsushiXQMutation Rate and Novel tt Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana Induced by Carbon Ions  2003GeneticsGenetics 1449-1455a 163h4r>7http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/4/1449s April 1, 2003m,%Irradiation of Arabidopsis thaliana by carbon ions was carried out to investigate the mutational effect of ion particles in higher plants. Frequencies of embryonic lethals and chlorophyll-deficient mutants were found to be significantly higher after carbon-ion irradiation than after electron irradiation (11-fold and 7.8-fold per unit dose, respectively). To estimate the mutation rate of carbon ions, mutants with no pigments on leaves and stems (tt) and no trichomes on leaves (gl) were isolated at the M2 generation and subjected to analysis. Averaged segregation rate of the backcrossed mutants was 0.25, which suggested that large deletions reducing the viability of the gametophytes were not transmitted, if generated, in most cases. During the isolation of mutants, two new classes of flavonoid mutants (tt18, tt19) were isolated from carbon-ion-mutagenized M2 plants. From PCR and sequence analysis, two of the three tt18 mutant alleles were found to have a small deletion within the LDOX gene and the other was revealed to contain a rearrangement. Using the segregation rates, the mutation rate of carbon ions was estimated to be 17-fold higher than that of electrons. The isolation of novel mutants and the high mutation rate suggest that ion particles can be used as a valuable mutagen for plant genetics.y @ dBbc!OQ)iCD-Rj k@*ST>p9U?,"VE.WF(X G%H3I2+6rlsqYd4/J#Z[hK87eL:1]\^mM N'_;P`5n$<aofgAsRntification of Target Genes Regulated by APETALA3 and PISTILLATA Floral Homeotic Gene Action 2003 Plant Cell Plant Cell207-222 151 <6http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/1/207January 1, 2003nIdentifying the genes regulated by the floral homeotic genes APETALA3 (AP3) anJ)QO!JcRbBF?Mitsutomo Abe Hiroshi Katsumata Yoshibumi Komeda Taku Takahashi 2003vpRegulation of shoot epidermal cell differentiation by a pair of homeodomain proteins in Arabidopsis Development 130635-643F?Keith L. Adams Richard Cronn Ryan Percifield Jonathan F. Wendel 2003|vGenes duplicated by polyploidy show unequal contributions to the transcriptome and organ-specific reciprocal silencing4.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 100a 4649-4654 vpJose M. Alonso Anna N. Stepanova Roberto Solano Ellen Wisman Simone Ferrari Frederick M. Ausubel Joseph R. Ecker 2003|Five components of the ethylene-response pathway identified in a screen for weak ethylene-insensitive mutants in Arabidopsis4.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 100 2992-2997S*#J. Tulio Arredondo Hans SchnyderTlfComponents of leaf elongation rate and their relationship to specific leaf area in contrasting grasses 2003 New Phytol New Phytol305-314w 158l2yVOhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00745.x/absa May 01, 2003Wallace Arthur 20034.Developmental constraint and natural selectionEvolution & Developmentr5c2 117$Virginia Balbi Terri L. Lomax 2003LFRegulation of Early Tomato Fruit Development by the Diageotropica GenePlant Physiologist 131186-197Barkman, Todd J.^WEvidence for Positive Selection on the Floral Scent Gene Isoeugenol-O-methyltransferase 2003 Mol Biol Evoli Mol Biol Evol4168-172202v>8http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/2/168February 1, 2003lfIsoeugenol-O-methyltransferase (IEMT) is an enzyme involved in the production of the floral volatile compounds methyl eugenol and methyl isoeugenol in Clarkia breweri (Onagraceae). IEMT likely evolved by gene duplication from caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase followed by amino acid divergence, leading to the acquisition of its novel function. To investigate the selective context under which IEMT evolved, maximum likelihood methods that estimate variable dN/dS ratios among lineages, among sites, and among a combination of both lineages and sites were utilized. Statistically significant support was obtained for a hypothesis of positive selection driving the evolution of IEMT since its origin. Subsequent Bayesian analyses identified several sites in IEMT that have experienced positive selection. Most of these positions are in the active site of IEMT and have been shown by site-directed mutagenesis to have large effects on substrate specificity. Although the selective agent is unknown, the adaptive evolution of this gene may have resulted in increased effectiveness of pollinator attraction or herbivore repellence.$Barlow, Miriam Hall, Barry G.mPIExperimental Prediction of the Natural Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance 2003GeneticsGenetics 1237-1241l 1634>7http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/4/1237s April 1, 2003M:4The TEM family of {beta}-lactamases has evolved to confer resistance to most of the {beta}-lactam antibiotics, but not to cefepime. To determine whether the TEM {beta}-lactamases have the potential to evolve cefepime resistance, we evolved the ancestral TEM allele, TEM-1, in vitro and selected for cefepime resistance. After four rounds of mutagenesis and selection for increased cefepime resistance each of eight independent populations reached a level equivalent to clinical resistance. All eight evolved alleles increased the level of cefepime resistance by a factor of at least 32, and the best allele improved by a factor of 512. Sequencing showed that alleles contained from two to six amino acid substitutions, many of which were shared among alleles, and that the best allele contained only three substitutions.3p%DGX .(jFWxrJun-Xian He Shozo Fujioka Tsai-Chi Li Shin Gene Kang Hideharu Seto Suguru Takatsuto Shigeo Yoshida Jyan-Chyun Jang 2003F?Sterols Regulate Development and Gene Expression in ArabidopsisHPlant Physiologist 131 1258-1269PILars Hennig Patti Taranto Marcel Walser Nicole Schnrock Wilhelm Gruissemr 2003ZSArabidopsis MSI1 is required for epigenetic maintenance of reproductive development Development 1302555-256&Hileman, Lena C. Baum, David A.zWhy Do Paralogs Persist? Molecular Evolution of CYCLOIDEA and Related Floral Symmetry Genes in Antirrhineae (Veronicaceae) 2003 Mol Biol Evolt Mol Biol Evola591-600x204 >8http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/4/591 April 1, 2003e CYCLOIDEA (CYC) and DICHOTOMA (DICH) are paralogous genes that determine adaxial (dorsal) flower identity in the bilaterally symmetric flowers of Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon). We show here that the duplication leading to the existence of both CYC and DICH in Antirrhinum occurred before the radiation of the Antirrhineae (the tribe to which snapdragon belongs). We find no additional gene duplications within Antirrhineae. Using explicit codon-based models of evolution in a likelihood framework, we show that patterns of molecular evolution after the duplication that gave rise to CYC and DICH are consistent with purifying selection acting at both loci, despite their known functional redundancy in snapdragon. However, for specific gene regions, purifying selection is significantly relaxed across DICH lineages, relative to CYC lineages. In addition, we find evidence for relaxed purifying selection along the lineage leading to snapdragon in one of two putative functional domains of DICH. A model of selection accounting for the persistence of paralogous genes in the absence of diversifying selection is presented. This model takes into account differences in the degree of purifying selection acting at the two loci and is consistent with subfunctionalization models of paralogous gene evolution.Shuang-Quan Huang\UFlower dimorphism and the maintenance of andromonoecy in Sagittaria guyanensislappulan 2003 New Phytol New Phytol357-364 1572VOhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00676.x/abs-February 01, 2003zsShihshieh Huang R. Eric Cerny Youlin Qi Deepti Bhat Carrie M. Aydt Doris D. Hanson Kathleen P. Malloy Linda A. Ness. 2003\VTransgenic Studies on the Involvement of Cytokinin and Gibberellin in Male DevelopmentPlant Physiologist 1311270-128D=Norbert Huck James M. Moore Michael Federer Ueli Grossniklaus 2003f`The Arabidopsis mutant feronia disrupts the female gametophytic control of pollen tube reception Development 130 2149-2159XQJager, Muriel Hassanin, Alexandre Manuel, Michael Guyader, Herve Le Deutsch, JeanaNGMADS-Box Genes in Ginkgo biloba and the Evolution of the AGAMOUS Family 2003 Mol Biol Evols Mol Biol Evolm842-854 205e>8http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/5/842 May 1, 2003oMADS-box proteins are a large family of transcription factors. In plants, many genes belonging to this family are involved in the homeosis of the floral system. Up to now, they have mainly been studied in angiosperms, especially in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and Antirrhinum majus. We undertook a study of MADS-box genes in Ginkgo biloba, the unique extant representative of a whole branch of the phylogenetic tree of the seed plants. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) survey reveals the diversity of MADS-box genes present in the genome of the Ginkgo. Duplications probably occurred specifically in the ginkgophyte lineage. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that one of these genes, GBM5, is an orthologue of the AGAMOUS gene of A. thaliana. We cloned and sequenced the entire cDNA of the GBM5 gene and studied its intron/exon structure. We showed by reverse transcriptase-PCR that it is expressed in both floral and vegetative tissues. We discuss the molecular evolution of the AGAMOUS family of genes.\VJIANG, N. BAO, Z. ZHANG, X. HIROCHIKA, H. EDDY, S. R. MCCOUCH, S. R. Wessler, Susan R. 2003.'An active DNA transposon family in rice- Nature 421n163-167The publication of draft sequences for the two subspecies of Oryza sativa (rice), japonica (cv. Nipponbare) and indica (cv. 93-11)1, 2, provides a unique opportunity to study the dynamics of transposable elements in this important crop plant. Here we report the use of these sequences in a computational approach to identify the first active DNA transposons from rice and the first active miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) from any organism. A sequence classified as a Tourist-like MITE of 430 base pairs, called miniature Ping (mPing), was present in about 70 copies in Nipponbare and in about 14 copies in 93-11. These mPing elements, which are all nearly identical, transpose actively in an indica cell-culture line. Database searches identified a family of related transposase-encoding elements (called Pong), which also transpose actively in the same cells. Virtually all new insertions of mPing and Pong elements were into low-copy regions of the rice genome. Since the domestication of rice mPing MITEs have been amplified preferentially in cultivars adapted to environmental extremesa situation that is reminiscent of the genomic shock theory for transposon activation3. R-DCi4-Gerrit T. S. Beemster Fabio Fiorani Dirk Inzt 20032,Cell cycle: the key to plant growth control?Trends in Plant Sciences84154-158& Susannah M. Bird Julie E. GrayD>Signals from the cuticle affect epidermal cell differentiation 2003 New Phytol New Phytol 9-23 1571VOhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00543.x/absJanuary 01, 2003leKrista M. Bollman Milo J. Aukerman Mee-Yeon Park Christine Hunter Tanya Z. Berardini R. Scott Poethigt 2003b\HASTY, the Arabidopsis ortholog of exportin 5/MSN5, regulates phase change and morphogenesis Development 130 1493-1504haKirsten Bomblies Rong-Lin Wang Barbara A. Ambrose Robert J. Schmidt Robert B. Meeley John Doebley- 2003zsDuplicate FLORICAULA/LEAFY homologs zfl1 and zfl2 control inflorescence architecture and flower patterning in maizem Development 130 2385-2395D=BOWERS, John CHAPMAN, Brad Rong, Junkang Paterson, Andrew H. 2003hbUnravelling angiosperm genome evolution by phylogenetic analysis of chromosomal duplication events Nature 422Q433-438>8Conservation of gene order in vertebrates is evident after hundreds of millions of years of divergence, but comparisons of the Arabidopsis thaliana sequence to partial gene orders of other angiosperms (flowering plants) sharing common ancestry 170235 million years ago yield conflicting results. This difference may be largely due to the propensity of angiosperms to undergo chromosomal duplication ('polyploidization') and subsequent gene loss ('diploidization'); these evolutionary mechanisms have profound consequences for comparative biology. Here we integrate a phylogenetic approach (relating chromosomal duplications to the tree of life) with a genomic approach (mitigating information lost to diploidization) to show that a genome-wide duplication post-dates the divergence of Arabidopsis from most dicots. We also show that an inferred ancestral gene order for Arabidopsis reveals more synteny with other dicots (exemplified by cotton), and that additional, more ancient duplication events affect more distant taxonomic comparisons. By using partial sequence data for many diverse taxa to better relate the evolutionary history of completely sequenced genomes to the tree of life, we foster comparative approaches to the study of genome organization, consequences of polyploidy, and the molecular basis of quantitative traits.@9Brocard-Gifford, Ins M. Tim J. Lynch Ruth R. Finkelstein 2003haRegulatory Networks in Seeds Integrating Developmental, Abscisic Acid, Sugar, and Light Signaling Plant Physiologist 131 78-92Broman, Karl W.aZTMapping Quantitative Trait Loci in the Case of a Spike in the Phenotype Distribution 2003GeneticsGenetics 1169-1175 1633u>7http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/3/1169a March 1, 2003sA common departure from the usual normality assumption in QTL mapping concerns a spike in the phenotype distribution. For example, in measurements of tumor mass, some individuals may exhibit no tumors; in measurements of time to death after a bacterial infection, some individuals may recover from the infection and fail to die. If an appreciable portion of individuals share a common phenotype value (generally either the minimum or the maximum observed phenotype), the standard approach to QTL mapping can behave poorly. We describe several alternative approaches for QTL mapping in the case of such a spike in the phenotype distribution, including the use of a two-part parametric model and a nonparametric approach based on the Kruskal-Wallis test. The performance of the proposed procedures is assessed via computer simulation. The procedures are further illustrated with data from an intercross experiment to identify QTL contributing to variation in survival of mice following infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Mm^]\1:Le:|Iris Ottenschlager Patricia Wolff Chris Wolverton Rishikesh P. Bhalerao Goran Sandberg Hideo Ishikawa Mike Evans Klaus Palme 2003^WGravity-regulated differential auxin transport from columella to lateral root cap cells 4.Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 100 2987-2991@:Garry Parker Rebecca Schofield Bjrn Sundberg Simon Turner 2003ngIsolation of COV1 , a gene involved in the regulation of vascular patterning in the stem of Arabidopsisn Development 130 2139-2148JCPoduska, Branislava Humphrey, Tania Redweik, Antje Grbic, Vojislava\The Synergistic Activation of FLOWERING LOCUS C by FRIGIDA and a New Flowering Gene AERIAL ROSETTE 1 Underlies a Novel Morphology in Arabidopsis 2003GeneticsGenetics 1457-1465t 163v4e>7http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/4/1457b April 1, 2003nThe genetic changes underlying the diversification of plant forms represent a key question in understanding plant macroevolution. To understand the mechanisms leading to novel plant morphologies we investigated the Sy-0 ecotype of Arabidopsis that forms an enlarged basal rosette of leaves, develops aerial rosettes in the axils of cauline leaves, and exhibits inflorescence and floral reversion. Here we show that this heterochronic shift in reproductive development of all shoot meristems requires interaction between dominant alleles at AERIAL ROSETTE 1 (ART1), FRIGIDA (FRI), and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) loci. ART1 is a new flowering gene that maps 14 cM proximal to FLC on chromosome V. ART1 activates FLC expression through a novel flowering pathway that is independent of FRI and independent of the autonomous and vernalization pathways. Synergistic activation of the floral repressor FLC by ART1 and FRI is required for delayed onset of reproductive development of all shoot meristems, leading to the Sy-0 phenotype. These results demonstrate that modulation in flowering-time genes is one of the mechanisms leading to morphological novelties. TNRatcliffe, Oliver J. Kumimoto, Roderick W. Wong, Becky J. Riechmann, Jose Luis|vAnalysis of the Arabidopsis MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING Gene Family: MAF2 Prevents Vernalization by Short Periods of Cold 2003 Plant Cell Plant Cell 1159-11692155G>7http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/5/1159o May 1, 2003ivoThe Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) gene is a key floral repressor in the maintenance of a vernalization response. In vernalization-sensitive genetic backgrounds, FLC levels are high, and they decline after exposure to long cold periods. Four FLC paralogs (MAF2 [MADS AFFECTING FLOWERING2] to MAF5) are arranged in a tandem array on the bottom of Arabidopsis chromosome V. We used a reverse genetics approach to analyze their functions. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies indicate that MAF2 acts as a floral repressor. In particular, maf2 mutant plants display a pronounced vernalization response when subjected to relatively short cold periods, which are insufficient to elicit a strong flowering response in the wild type, despite producing a large reduction in FLC levels. MAF2 expression is less sensitive to vernalization than that of FLC, and its repressor activity is exerted independently or downstream of FLC transcription. Thus, MAF2 can prevent premature vernalization in response to brief cold spells. Overexpression of MAF3 or MAF4 produces alterations in flowering time that suggest that these genes also act as floral repressors and might contribute to the maintenance of a vernalization requirement. However, the final gene in the cluster, MAF5, is upregulated by vernalization. Therefore, MAF5 could play an opposite role to FLC in the vernalization response.a0*Rolland-Lagan, A. Bangham, J. A. Coen, E. 2003:4Growth dynamics underlying petal shape and asymmetry Nature 422.161-163rJCFaye M. Rosin Jennifer K. Hart Harry Van Onckelen David J. Hannapela 2003b[Suppression of a Vegetative MADS Box Gene of Potato Activates Axillary Meristem DevelopmentPlant Physiologist 131 1613-1622VPFaye M. Rosin Jennifer K. Hart Harry T. Horner Peter J. Davies David J. Hannapel 2003~Overexpression of a Knotted -Like Homeobox Gene of Potato Alters Vegetative Development by Decreasing Gibberellin AccumulationPlant Physiologist 132106-117Franois Roudier Elena Fedorova Manuel Lebris Phillippe Lecomte Janos Gyrgyey Daniele Vaubert Gabor Horvath Pierre Abad Adam Kondorosi Eva Kondorosie 2003The Medicago Species A2-Type Cyclin Is Auxin Regulated and Involved in Meristem Formation But Dispensable for Endoreduplication-Associated Developmental ProgramsPlant Physiologist 131 1091-1103("Paula J. Rudall Richard M. Bateman 2003b[Evolutionary change in flowers and inflorescences: evidence from naturally occurring teratalTrends in Plant Sciences8h2@ 76-82P:4Isaac Salazar-Ciudad Jukka Jernvall Stuart A. Newman 2003B8http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/msg114v1April 25, 2003tnY chromosomes carry genes with functions in male reproduction and often have few other loci. Their evolution and the causes of genetic degeneration are of great interest. In addition to genetic degeneration, the acquisition of autosomal genes may be important in Y chromosome evolution. We here report that the dioecious plant Silene latifolia harbours a complete MADS box gene, SlAP3Y, duplicated onto the Y chromosome. This gene has no X-linked homologues but only an autosomal paralogue, SlAP3A, and sequence divergence suggests that the duplication is a quite old event that occurred soon after the evolution of the sex chromosomes. Evolutionary sequence analyses using homologues of closely related species including hermaphroditic Silene conica and dioecious Silene dioica and Silene diclinis, suggest that both SlAP3A and SlAP3Y genes encode functional proteins. Indeed, quantitative RT-PCR and in situ hybridization analyses showed that SlAP3A is expressed specifically in developing petals but SlAP3Y is much more strongly expressed in developing stamens. The S. conica homologue, ScAP3A, is expressed in developing petals, suggesting subfunctionalization with evolution of male-specific functions, possibly due to evolutionary change in regulatory elements. Our results suggest that the acquisition of autosomal genes is an important event in the evolution of plant Y chromosomes.82Jim Mattsson Wenzislava Ckurshumova Thomas Berleth 2003>8Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis Leaf Vascular DevelopmentPlant Physiologist 131` 1327-13390`ZMauricio, Rodney Stahl, Eli A. Korves, Tonia Tian, Dacheng Kreitman, Martin Bergelson, Joyd^Natural Selection for Polymorphism in the Disease Resistance Gene Rps2 of Arabidopsis thaliana 2003GeneticsGenetics735-746l 163c2s<6http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/2/735February 1, 2003~Pathogen resistance is an ecologically important phenotype increasingly well understood at the molecular genetic level. In this article, we examine levels of avrRpt2-dependent resistance and Rps2 locus DNA sequence variability in a worldwide sample of 27 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. The rooted parsimony tree of Rps2 sequences drawn from a diverse set of ecotypes includes a deep bifurcation separating major resistance and susceptibility clades of alleles. We find evidence for selection maintaining these alleles and identify the N-terminal part of the leucine-rich repeat region as a probable target of selection. Additional protein variants are found within the two major clades and correlate well with measurable differences among ecotypes in resistance to the avirulence gene avrRpt2 of the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae. Long-lived polymorphisms have been observed for other resistance genes of A. thaliana; the Rps2 data suggest that the long-term maintenance of phenotypic variation in resistance genes may be a general phenomenon and are consistent with diversifying selection acting in concert with selection to maintain variation.X>NTRSnhChopra, Surinder Cocciolone, Suzy M. Bushman, Shaun Sangar, Vineet McMullen, Michael D. Peterson, ThomasThe Maize Unstable factor for orange1 Is a Dominant Epigenetic Modifier of a Tissue Specifically Silent Allele of pericarp color1s 2003GeneticsGenetics 1135-1146i 163r3r>7http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/3/1135s March 1, 2003n|vWe have characterized Unstable factor for orange1 (Ufo1), a dominant, allele-specific modifier of expression of the maize pericarp color1 (p1) gene. The p1 gene encodes an Myb-homologous transcriptional activator of genes required for biosynthesis of red phlobaphene pigments. The P1-wr allele specifies colorless kernel pericarp and red cobs, whereas Ufo1 modifies P1-wr expression to confer pigmentation in kernel pericarp, as well as vegetative tissues, which normally do not accumulate significant amounts of phlobaphene pigments. In the presence of Ufo1, P1-wr transcript levels and transcription rate are increased in kernel pericarp. The P1-wr allele contains approximately six p1 gene copies present in a hypermethylated and multicopy tandem array. In P1-wr Ufo1 plants, methylation of P1-wr DNA sequences is reduced, whereas the methylation state of other repetitive genomic sequences was not detectably affected. The phenotypes produced by the interaction of P1-wr and Ufo1 are unstable, exhibiting somatic mosaicism and variable penetrance. Moreover, the changes in P1-wr expression and methylation are not heritable: meiotic segregants that lack Ufo1 revert to the normal P1-wr expression and methylation patterns. These results demonstrate the existence of a class of modifiers of gene expression whose effects are associated with transient changes in DNA methylation of specific loci.PJHlne L. Citerne Da Luo R. Toby Pennington Enrico Coen Quentin C.B. Cronk 2003RLA Phylogenomic Investigation of CYCLOIDEA -Like TCP Genes in the LeguminosaePlant Physiologist 131` 1042-1053xrAlessandra Cona Francesco Cenci Manuela Cervelli Rodolfo Federico Paolo Mariottini Sandra Moreno Riccardo Angelini 2003Polyamine Oxidase, a Hydrogen Peroxide-Producing Enzyme, Is Up-Regulated by Light and Down-Regulated by Auxin in the Outer Tissues of the Maize MesocotyloPlant Physiologist 131 803-8voDanilevskaya, Olga N. Hermon, Pedro Hantke, Sabine Muszynski, Michael G. Kollipara, Krishna Ananiev, Evgueni V.sb[Duplicated fie Genes in Maize: Expression Pattern and Imprinting Suggest Distinct Functionsa 2003 Plant Cell Plant Cell425-438a152h<6http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/425February 1, 2003Two maize genes with predicted translational similarity to the Arabidopsis FIE (Fertilization-Independent Endosperm) protein, a repressor of endosperm development in the absence of fertilization, were cloned and analyzed. Genomic sequences of fie1 and fie2 show significant homology within coding regions but none within introns or 5' upstream. The fie1 gene is expressed exclusively in the endosperm of developing kernels starting at [~]6 days after pollination. fie1 is an imprinted gene showing no detectable expression of the paternally derived fie1 allele during kernel development. Conversely, fie2 is expressed in the embryo sac before pollination. After pollination, its expression persists, predominantly in the embryo and at lower levels in the endosperm. The paternal fie2 allele is not expressed early in kernel development, but its transcription is activated at 5 days after pollination. fie2 is likely to be a functional ortholog of the Arabidopsis FIE gene, whereas fie1 has evolved a distinct function. The maize FIE2 and sorghum FIE proteins form a monophyletic group, sharing a closer relationship to each other than to the FIE1 protein, suggesting that maize fie genes originated from two different ancestral genomes.de Meijer, Etienne P. M. Bagatta, Manuela Carboni, Andrea Crucitti, Paola Moliterni, V. M. Cristiana Ranalli, Paolo Mandolino, GiuseppeeB;The Inheritance of Chemical Phenotype in Cannabis sativa L.h 2003GeneticsGenetics335-346n 163 1 <6http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/1/335January 1, 2003iFour crosses were made between inbred Cannabis sativa plants with pure cannabidiol (CBD) and pure {Delta}-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) chemotypes. All the plants belonging to the F1's were analyzed by gas chromatography for cannabinoid composition and constantly found to have a mixed CBD-THC chemotype. Ten individual F1 plants were self-fertilized, and 10 inbred F2 offspring were collected and analyzed. In all cases, a segregation of the three chemotypes (pure CBD, mixed CBD-THC, and pure THC) fitting a 1:2:1 proportion was observed. The CBD/THC ratio was found to be significantly progeny specific and transmitted from each F1 to the F2's derived from it. A model involving one locus, B, with two alleles, BD and BT, is proposed, with the two alleles being codominant. The mixed chemotypes are interpreted as due to the genotype BD/BT at the B locus, while the pure-chemotype plants are due to homozygosity at the B locus (either BD/BD or BT/BT). It is suggested that such codominance is due to the codification by the two alleles for different isoforms of the same synthase, having different specificity for the conversion of the common precursor cannabigerol into CBD or THC, respectively. The F2 segregating groups were used in a bulk segregant analysis of the pooled DNAs for screening RAPD primers; three chemotype-associated markers are described, one of which has been transformed in a sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker and shows tight linkage to the chemotype and codominance. !Dutuit, PierreEapen, DelfeenaEcheverria, ManuelEcker, Joseph R. EDDY, S. R.Evans, Lloyd T. Evans, Mike Farooq, AfganFederer, MichaelFederico, RodolfoFedorova, ElenaFeldman, Lewis J.Ferrari, SimoneFerrario, SilviaFeschotte, Cedric FINDLAY, K.Finkelstein, Ruth R.Fiorani, FabioFischer, Robert L.Fleming, AndrewFlowers, Susan K. FOREMAN, J.Freeling, MichaelFreville, Helene Friend, S. H.Frusciante, Luigi FU, Z.Fujioka, ShozoFukuta, YoshimichiGalway, Moira E.Gandikota, MadhuriGaude, ThierryGershenzon, Jonathan Gielis, Johan Goda, HidekiGoldberg, Robert B. Golz, John F. Graham, NeilGrant, Sarah R.Gray, Julie E.Grbic, VojislavaGriffiths, SimonGrossniklaus, UeliGruissem, WilhelmGubitz, Thomas Guo, HenaGuyader, Herve LeGyrgyey, Janos Ha, Chan ManHaag, Jeremy R.Hall, Barry G. Hall, Qi HAN, B.Hannapel, David J.Hanson, Doris D.Hantke, SabineHarada, John J.Hardy, Olivier J.Harren, Frans J.M.Hart, Jennifer K.Hartl, Daniel L.Hassanin, Alexandre Hayama, R. He, Jun-Xian Heim, Marc A. Hennig, Lars Hermon, PedroHeuertz, MyriamHileman, Lena C.Hirano, Hiroyuki HIROCHIKA, H. HIROSHI, F. Hobza, RomanHorner, Harry T.Horvath, GaborHOSIE, A. H. F. Hsiao, JosephHuang, ShihshiehHuang, Shuang-Quan Huck, NorbertHudson, AndrewHuijser, PeterHumphrey, Tania$Hunter, Mee-Yeon Park ChristineHuttly, Alison Hwang, ldoo IMAIZUMI, T.Immink, Richard G. H. Inz, DirkIrish, Vivian F.Ishikawa, Hideo Isono, ErikaItoh, Jun-Ichi Jager, Muriel Jakoby, MarcJang, Jyan-ChyunJeddeloh, Jeffrey A.Jeffery Chen, Z.Jernvall, Jukka Jiang, Jiming Jiang, Keni JIANG, N.Johnston, Mark O. JONES, J.Jones, Kristine M. Jones, Tamara Jun, Ji Hyung KADOTA, A. KANEGAE, T.Kang, Shin GeneKankel, Mark W.Kaplinsky, Nicholas J.KARUNAKARAN, R.Katsumata, Hiroshi KAWAI, H.Kawano, ShigeyukiKejnovsky, Eduard Kellogg, E.Khanna, AnupamaKidner, Catherine A.Kim, Byung ChulKim, Gyung-TaeKinet, Jean-Marie King, Rod W.Kitamura, Satoshi KIYOSUE, T.Kollipara, KrishnaKomeda, YoshibumiKondorosi, AdamKondorosi, Eva Korves, ToniaKozela, ChristopherKozyreva, Olga Kramer, E. M.Kreitman, MartinKumimoto, Roderick W.Laarhoven, Lucas J.J.Lacey, Alexzandria D.Lakeman, Michael B. Lamb, J.Larkin, John C.Laurie, David A. Le, JieLebel-Hardenack, SabineLebris, ManuelLecomte, PhillippeLee, Dong-Keun Lee, Hyeon-Se Lee, HyeseungLee, Jong SeobLeister, DarioLenormand, Thomas LI, J. Li, Jianming Li, Tsai-Chi LI, X.Linder, C. RandalLindsey, KeithLinsley, P. S. LINSTEAD, P. Liu, Bao Liu, Jia LIU, X. Liu, Yan-Xia LODWIG, E. M.Lomax, Terri L.Lonnig, Wolf-EkkehardLudwig, Philip Lukens, Lewis LUO, D. Luo, Da Lusisk, A. J.Lydiate, Derek Lynch, Tim J. Ma, LigengMachida, YasunoriMadlung, AndreasMajiduddin, Fahd K.Malloy, Kathleen P.Mandolino, GiuseppeManuel, Michael Mao, M.Mariottini, PaoloMartienssen, Robert A.Martin, CathieMatsunaga, Sachihiro Mattsson, JimMauricio, RodneyMCCOUCH, S. R.McMullen, Michael D.Meeley, Robert B.Meijer, Annemarie H.Meinke, David W.Meinke, Laura K. Meng, Yu Ling MIEDEMA, H.Milligan, S. B. !@Miyoshi, Masahiro Moliterni, V. M. Cristiana Monks, S. A.Moore, BrandonMoore, James M.Moore, Richard C.Moose, Stephen P.Moreno, SandraMotohashi, ReikoMueller, Lukas A.Muller, AndreasMurray, James A.H.Muszynski, Michael G. MYLONA, P.Nagaki, KiyotakaNagasawa, Nobuhiro Nagato, YasuoNakamura, AyakoNakazono, Mikio Nam, Hong GilNess, Linda A.Newman, Stuart A. Nindl, IngoNoyes, Richard D.Ohtsubo, EiichiOhtsubo, HisakoOnckelen, Harry VanOsborn, Thomas C. Osborn, TomOttenschlager, Iris Ouyang, ShuPaepe, Annelies De Palme, KlausPalzkill, Timothy Parker, GarryParkin, IsobelParokonny, Alexander S.Paterson, Andrew H.Peloquin, Stanley J.Pennington, R. TobyPercifield, RyanPesaresi, PaoloPeterson, ThomasPichersky, EranPoduska, BranislavaPoethig, R. ScottPonce, Georgina POOLE, P. S.Purugganan, Michael D. Qi, Youlin QIAN, Q. Qiu, Fang Qu, Liang-HuRamsey, Douglas E.Ranalli, PaoloRannala, BruceRansom, CallistaRatcliffe, Oliver J.Redweik, Antje Regan, Sharon ReproductiveRichards, Eric J.Riddle, Nicole C.Riechmann, Jose LuisRieseberg, Loren H.Ritter, EnriqueRolland, FilipRolland-Lagan, A. Rong, JunkangRosin, Faye M.Roudier, FranoisRudall, Paula J. Rueb, Saskia Ruff, T. G.Saedler, Heinz Saibo, Nelson Jos Madeira Sakai, HajimeSalazar-Ciudad, IsaacSandberg, GoranSangar, Vineet Sano, Yoshio SATO, Y. Satoh, Hikaru Satoh, NamikoScarpella, Enrico Schadt, E. E.Schiefelbein, JohnSchissel, Anna M.Schluter, P. M.Schmidt, Robert J.Schnable, Patrick S.Schnyder, HansSchofield, RebeccaSchnrock, NicoleSchwarz-Sommer, ZsuzsannaSenchina, David S. Serna, LauraSeto, HideharuShchennikova, AnnaShealy, Robin T. Sheen, JenShepard, Kristen A.Shikazono, NaoyaShimada, Yukihisa Shimamoto, K.Showalter, Thomas C.Shpak, Elena D. Siroky, Jiri Smalle, JanSmets, Raphael Soh, Moon SooSolano, Roberto Song, JunqiSong, Sang-KeeSorensen, Anna-Marie Stahl, Eli A.Stepanova, Anna N.Stokes, Trevor L.Stoughton, R. B. Straeten, Dominique Van Der Stuber, KurtStupar, Robert M.Sultan, Sonia E.Sundberg, BjrnSuzuki, ChihiroSwamy, LakshmiTakahashi, TakuTakatsuto, SuguruTalamali, Amel Tamaki, S.Tanaka, AtsushiTano, ShigemitsuTaranto, Patti Tax, Frans E. TENG, S.Thibaud-Nissen, FranoiseTholl, DorotheaThomas, Annick Le TIAN, D. Tian, DachengTichtinsky, Gabrielle Tietz, OlafTorii, Keiko U.TORRES, M. Angel.Townsend, Jeffrey P. TRAW, M. B.Tsuchimoto, SuguruTsukaya, Hirokazu Turner, Simon Tzafrir, IrisUeno, YoshihisaUngerer, Mark C.Unte, Ulrike S.van Nocker, StevenVandenbussche, FilipVanoosthuyse, VincentVaubert, DanieleVerbelen, Jean-PierreVerbsky, Michelle L. Vodkin, LilaVodkin, Lila O. Vyskot, Boris WADA, M.Walser, MarcelWang, Rong-Lin WANG, X. WANG, Y.Wasteneys, Geoffrey O.Watanabe, HiroshiWeisshaar, BerndWendel, Jonathan F.Werber, MartinWessler, Susan R.Whittle, Carrie-AnnWilkins, Thea A.Wilson, Gregory A. Wing, Rod A. Wisman, EllenWolff, PatriciaWolverton, ChrisWong, Becky J. Wunder, JorgWyrzykowska, Joanna XIONG, G. Yano, M. Yokoi, S.Yokota, YukihikoYoshida, Shigeo Yu, Jiaye YUAN, M.Yuan, QiaopingZabala, Gracia ZENG, D. Zhang, Hanma Zhang, Hua ZHANG, X. Zhao, Hongyu Zhou, Li Zik, Moriyah Zou, Fei.<E<VD>Simon Griffiths Roy P. Dunford George Coupland David A. Laurie 2003TNThe Evolution of CONSTANS -Like Gene Families in Barley, Rice, and ArabidopsisPlant Physiologist 131 1855-1867Chan Man Ha Gyung-Tae Kim Byung Chul Kim Ji Hyung Jun Moon Soo Soh Yoshihisa Ueno Yasunori Machida Hirokazu Tsukaya Hong Gil Nam 2003zThe BLADE-ON-PETIOLE 1 gene controls leaf pattern formation through the modulation of meristematic activity in Arabidopsis Development 130161-172<6Hayama, R. Yokoi, S. Tamaki, S. Yano, M. Shimamoto, K. 2003XQAdaptation of photoperiodic control pathways produces short-day flowering in rice Nature 422719-722xrThe photoperiodic control of flowering is one of the important developmental processes of plants because it is directly related to successful reproduction1. Although the molecular genetic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana, a long-day (LD) plant, has provided models to explain the control of flowering time in this species24, very little is known about its molecular mechanisms for shortday (SD) plants. Here we show how the photoperiodic control of flowering is regulated in rice, a SD plant. Overexpression of OsGI5, an orthologue of the Arabidopsis GIGANTEA (GI) gene6,7 in transgenic rice, caused late flowering under both SD and LD conditions. Expression of the rice orthologue8 of the Arabidopsis CONSTANS (CO) gene9 was increased in the transgenic rice, whereas expression of the rice orthologue10 of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)11,12 was suppressed. Our results indicate that three key regulatory genes for the photoperiodic control of flowering are conserved between Arabidopsis, a LD plant, and rice, a SD plant, but regulation of the FT gene by CO was reversed, resulting in the suppression of flowering in rice under LD conditions./Z4 Lenormand, Thomass60The Evolution of Sex Dimorphism in Recombination 2003GeneticsGenetics811-822 1632<6http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/2/811February 1, 2003Sex dimorphism in recombination is widespread on both sex chromosomes and autosomes. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain these dimorphisms. Yet no theoretical model has been explored to determine how heterochiasmy--the autosomal dimorphism--could evolve. The model presented here shows three circumstances in which heterochiasmy is likely to evolve: (i) a male-female difference in haploid epistasis, (ii) a male-female difference in cis-epistasis minus trans-epistasis in diploids, or (iii) a difference in epistasis between combinations of genes inherited maternally or paternally. These results hold even if sources of linkage disequilibria besides epistasis, such as migration or Hill-Robertson interference, are considered and shed light on previous verbal models of sex dimorphism in recombination rates. Intriguingly, these results may also explain why imprinted regions on the autosomes of humans or sheep are particularly heterochiasmate.~xLI, X. QIAN, Q. FU, Z. WANG, Y. XIONG, G. ZENG, D. WANG, X. LIU, X. TENG, S. HIROSHI, F. YUAN, M. LUO, D. HAN, B. LI, J. 2003"Control of tillering in rice Nature 422Q618-621<5 Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots1. Rice tillering occurs in a two-stage process: the formation of an axillary bud at each leaf axil and its subsequent outgrowth2. Although the morphology and histology2, 3 and some mutants of rice tillering4 have been well described, the molecular mechanism of rice tillering remains to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of MONOCULM 1 (MOC1), a gene that is important in the control of rice tillering. The moc1 mutant plants have only a main culm without any tillers owing to a defect in the formation of tiller buds. MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth.zsLODWIG, E. M. HOSIE, A. H. F. BOURDS, A. FINDLAY, K. ALLAWAY, D. KARUNAKARAN, R. DOWNIE, J. A. POOLE, P. S.M 2003TMAmino-acid cycling drives nitrogen fixation in the legumeRhizobium symbiosisQ Nature 422722-726\UThe biological reduction of atmospheric N2 to ammonium (nitrogen fixation) provides about 65% of the biosphere's available nitrogen. Most of this ammonium is contributed by legumerhizobia symbioses1, which are initiated by the infection of legume hosts by bacteria (rhizobia), resulting in formation of root nodules. Within the nodules, rhizobia are found as bacteroids, which perform the nitrogen fixation: to do this, they obtain sources of carbon and energy from the plant, in the form of dicarboxylic acids2, 3. It has been thought that, in return, bacteroids simply provide the plant with ammonium. But here we show that a more complex amino-acid cycle is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium in pea nodules. The plant provides amino acids to the bacteroids, enabling them to shut down their ammonium assimilation. In return, bacteroids act like plant organelles to cycle amino acids back to the plant for asparagine synthesis. The mutual dependence of this exchange prevents the symbiosis being dominated by the plant, and provides a selective pressure for the evolution of mutualism. espread on both sex chromosomes and autosomes. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain these dimorphisms. Yet no theoretical model has been explored to determine how heterochiasmy--the autosomal dimorphism--could evolve. The model presented here shows three circumstances in which heterochiasmy is likely to evolve: (i) a male-female difference in haploid epistasis, (ii) a male-female difference in cis-epistasis minus trans-epistasis in diploids, or (iii) a difference in epistasis between combinations of genes inherited maternally or paternally. These results hold even if sources of linkage disequilibria besides epistasis, such as migration or Hill-Robertson interference, are considered and shed light on previous verbal models of sex dimorphism in recombination rates. Intriguingly, these results may also explain why imprinted regions on the autosomes of humans or sheep are particularly heterochiasmate.~xLI, X. QIAN, Q. FU, Z. WANG, Y. XIONG, G. ZENG, D. WANG, X. LIU, X. TENG, S. HIROSHI, F. YUAN, M. LUO, D. HAN, B. LI, J. 2003"Control of tillering in rice Nature 422Q618-621<5 Tillering in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important agronomic trait for grain production, and also a model system for the study of branching in monocotyledonous plants. Rice tiller is a specialized grain-bearing branch that is formed on the unelongated basal internode and grows independently of the mother stem (culm) by means of its own adventitious roots1. Rice tillering occurs in a two-stage process: the formation of an axillary bud at each leaf axil and its subsequent outgrowth2. Although the morphology and histology2, 3 and some mutants of rice tillering4 have been well described, the molecular mechanism of rice tillering remains to be elucidated. Here we report the isolation and characterization of MONOCULM 1 (MOC1), a gene that is important in the control of rice tillering. The moc1 mutant plants have only a main culm without any tillers owing to a defect in the formation of tiller buds. MOC1 encodes a putative GRAS family nuclear protein that is expressed mainly in the axillary buds and functions to initiate axillary buds and to promote their outgrowth.zsLODWIG, E. M. HOSIE, A. H. F. BOURDS, A. FINDLAY, K. ALLAWAY, D. KARUNAKARAN, R. DOWNIE, J. A. POOLE, P. S.M 2003TMAmino-acid cycling drives nitrogen fixation in the legumeRhizobium symbiosisQ Nature 422722-726\UThe biological reduction of atmospheric N2 to ammonium (nitrogen fixation) provides about 65% of the biosphere's available nitrogen. Most of this ammonium is contributed by legumerhizobia symbioses1, which are initiated by the infection of legume hosts by bacteria (rhizobia), resulting in formation of root nodules. Within the nodules, rhizobia are found as bacteroids, which perform the nitrogen fixation: to do this, they obtain sources of carbon and energy from the plant, in the form of dicarboxylic acids2, 3. It has been thought that, in return, bacteroids simply provide the plant with ammonium. But here we show that a more complex amino-acid cycle is essential for symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobium in pea nodules. The plant provides amino acids to the bacteroids, enabling them to shut down their ammonium assimilation. In return, bacteroids act like plant organelles to cycle amino acids back to the plant for asparagine synthesis. The mutual dependence of this exchange prevents the symbiosis being dominated by the plant, and provides a selective pressure for the evolution of mutualism. 78KhpiBrandon Moore Li Zhou Filip Rolland Qi Hall Wan-Hsing Cheng Yan-Xia Liu ldoo Hwang Tamara Jones Jen Sheenb 2003\VRole of the Arabidopsis Glucose Sensor HXK1 in Nutrient, Light, and Hormonal SignalingScience 300 332leNobuhiro Nagasawa Masahiro Miyoshi Yoshio Sano Hikaru Satoh Hiroyuki Hirano Hajime Sakai Yasuo Nagator 2003PISUPERWOMAN1 and DROOPING LEAF genes control floral organ identity in riceS Development 1300705-718D>Nakazono, Mikio Qiu, Fang Borsuk, Lisa A. Schnable, Patrick S.Laser-Capture Microdissection, a Tool for the Global Analysis of Gene Expression in Specific Plant Cell Types: Identification of Genes Expressed Differentially in Epidermal Cells or Vascular Tissues of Maizen 2003 Plant Cell Plant Cell583-596i153r<6http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/3/583 March 1, 20036Laser-capture microdissection (LCM) allows for the one-step procurement of large homogeneous populations of cells from tissue sections. In mammals, LCM has been used to conduct cDNA microarray and proteomics studies on specific cell types. However, LCM has not been applied to plant cells, most likely because plant cell walls make it difficult to separate target cells from surrounding cells and because ice crystals can form in the air spaces between cells when preparing frozen sections. By fixing tissues, using a cryoprotectant before freezing, and using an adhesive-coated slide system, it was possible to capture large numbers (>10,000) of epidermal cells and vascular tissues (vascular bundles and bundle sheath cells) from ethanol:acetic acid-fixed coleoptiles of maize. RNA extracted from these cells was amplified with T7 RNA polymerase and used to hybridize a microarray containing [~]8800 maize cDNAs. Approximately 250 of these were expressed preferentially in epidermal cells or vascular tissues. These results demonstrate that the combination of LCM and microarrays makes it feasible to conduct high-resolution global gene expression analyses of plants. This approach has the potential to enhance our understanding of diverse plant cell type-specific biological processes. 2003 TY - JOURF?Understanding mechanisms of novel gene expression in polyploids8Trends in Genetics193.141-147g3.Osborn, Thomas C. Chris Pires, J. Birchler, James A. Auger, Donald L. Jeffery Chen, Z. Lee, Hyeon-Se Comai, Luca Madlung, Andreas Doerge, R. W. Colot, Vincent Martienssen, Robert A.f_http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TCY-47RB3D0-1/2/9eaf23f2bfdf70d0d969c46fb2a58f26*@Tk j4.John W. S. Brown Manuel Echeverria Liang-Hu Qu 2003JDPlant snoRNAs: functional evolution and new modes of gene expressionTrends in Plant Sciences81 42-49e>8Carputo, Domenico Frusciante, Luigi Peloquin, Stanley J.{The Role of 2n Gametes and Endosperm Balance Number in the Origin and Evolution of Polyploids in the Tuber-Bearing Solanumsc 2003GeneticsGenetics287-294e 163n1n<6http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/1/287January 1, 2003v0)Polyploidization has played a major role in the origin and evolution of polyploid species. In this article we outline the unique characteristics of 2n gametes and implications of their participation in the evolution of polyploid Solanum species. The genetic consequences of 2n gametes indicate that sexual polyploidization results in greater variability, fitness, and heterozygosity than does somatic doubling. Further, the mechanisms of 2n gamete formation and the frequency of 2n gamete-forming genes in present polyploids and their ancestral species provide additional evidence of their involvement. Equally important is the endosperm, via the endosperm balance number (EBN) incompatibility system, in complementing the role of 2n gametes. In fact, the EBN system acts as a screen for either 1n or 2n gametes, depending on the EBN and chromosome numbers of parental species. EBN in combination with 2n gametes maintains the ploidy integrity of diploid ancestral species, while providing the flexibility for either unilateral or bilateral sexual polyploidization.ztIlda Casimiro Tom Beeckman Neil Graham Rishikesh Bhalerao Hanma Zhang Pedro Casero Goran Sandberg Malcolm J. Bennett 20036/Dissecting Arabidopsis lateral root developmentTrends in Plant Sciences84165-171& Stuart A. Casson Keith Lindsey.(Genes and signalling in root development 2003 New Phytol New Phytol 11-38i 158d1sVOhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00705.x/absApril 01, 2003d^Chen, Feng Tholl, Dorothea D'Auria, John C. Farooq, Afgan Pichersky, Eran Gershenzon, JonathanPIBiosynthesis and Emission of Terpenoid Volatiles from Arabidopsis Flowers 2003 Plant Cell Plant Cell481-494-152<6http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/2/481February 1, 2003Arabidopsis is believed to be mostly self-pollinated, although several lines of genetic and morphological evidence indicate that insect-mediated outcrossing occurs with at least a low frequency in wild populations. Here, we show that Arabidopsis flowers emit both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, potential olfactory cues for pollinating insects. Of the 32 terpene synthase genes in the Arabidopsis genome, 20 were found to be expressed in flowers, 6 of these exclusively or almost exclusively so. Two terpene synthase genes expressed exclusively in the flowers and one terpene synthase gene expressed almost exclusively in the flowers were characterized and found to encode proteins that catalyze the formation of major floral volatiles. A {beta}-glucuronidase fusion construct with a promoter of one of these genes demonstrated that gene expression was restricted to the sepals, stigmas, anther filaments, and receptacles, reaching a peak when the stigma was receptive to cross pollen. The observation that Arabidopsis flowers synthesize and emit volatiles raises intriguing questions about the reproductive behavior of Arabidopsis in the wild and allows detailed investigations of floral volatile biosynthesis and its regulation to be performed with this model plant system.ylfCheng, Chaoyang Motohashi, Reiko Tsuchimoto, Suguru Fukuta, Yoshimichi Ohtsubo, Hisako Ohtsubo, EiichiZSPolyphyletic Origin of Cultivated Rice: Based on the Interspersion Pattern of SINEsm 2003 Mol Biol Evolr Mol Biol Evole 67-75i201->7http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/1/67 January 1, 2003 b\The wild rice species Oryza rufipogon with wide intraspecific variation is thought to be the progenitor of the cultivated rice species Oryza sativa with two ecotypes, japonica and indica. To determine the origin of cultivated rice, subfamily members of the rice retroposon p-SINE1, which show insertion polymorphism in the O. sativa -O. rufipogon population, were identified and used to "bar code" each of 101 cultivated and wild rice strains based on the presence or absence of the p-SINE1 members at the respective loci. A phylogenetic tree constructed based on the bar codes given to the rice strains showed that O. sativa strains were classified into two groups corresponding to japonica and indica, whereas O. rufipogon strains were in four groups, in which annual O. rufipogon strains formed a single group, differing from the perennial O. rufipogon strains of the other three groups. Japonica strains were closely related to the O. rufipogon perennial strains of one group, and the indica strains were closely related to the O. rufipogon annual strains, indicating that O. sativa has been derived polyphyletically from O. rufipogon. The subfamily members of p-SINE1 constitute a powerful tool for studying the classification and relationship of rice strains, even when one has limited knowledge of morphology, taxonomy, physiology, and biochemistry of rice strains. dYqlr6+(2 IH.(Keni Jiang Yu Ling Meng Lewis J. Feldman 2003leQuiescent center formation in maize roots is associated with an auxin-regulated oxidizing environment Development 130 1429-1438,&Nicholas J. Kaplinsky Michael Freeling 2003HBCombinatorial control of meristem identity in maize inflorescences Development  130 1149-1158b[KAWAI, H. KANEGAE, T. CHRISTENSEN, S. KIYOSUE, T. SATO, Y. IMAIZUMI, T. KADOTA, A. WADA, M.s 2003VOResponses of ferns to red light are mediated by an unconventional photoreceptor Nature 421Q287-290"Efficient photosynthesis is essential for plant survival. To optimize photosynthesis, plants have developed several photoresponses. Stems bend towards a light source (phototropism), chloroplasts move to a place of appropriate light intensity (chloroplast photorelocation) and stomata open to absorb carbon dioxide. These responses are mediated by the blue-light receptors phototropin 1 (phot1) and phototropin 2 (phot2) in Arabidopsis (refs 15). In some ferns, phototropism and chloroplast photorelocation are controlled by red light as well as blue light6. However, until now, the photoreceptor mediating these red-light responses has not been identified. The fern Adiantum capillus-veneris has an unconventional photoreceptor, phytochrome 3 (phy3), which is a chimaera of the red/far-red light receptor phytochrome and phototropin7. We identify here a function of phy3 for red-light-induced phototropism and for red-light-induced chloroplast photorelocation, by using mutational analysis and complementation. Because phy3 greatly enhances the sensitivity to white light in orienting leaves and chloroplasts, and PHY3 homologues exist among various fern species, this chimaeric photoreceptor may have had a central role in the divergence and proliferation of fern species under low-light canopy conditions. Kellogg, E. 2003*#Genome evolution: It's all relativep Nature 422o383-384 By constructing evolutionary trees of genes, researchers have detected three big genome duplications in the history of the plant Arabidopsis, and one in the recent history of yeast. 2003 TY - JOUR*$Macro effects of microRNAs in plantsTrends in Genetics191a 13-161e2+Kidner, Catherine A. Martienssen, Robert A.f_http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6TCY-47BX7M7-1/2/7dd8dc1c044ea86a377b0c67f052260c"King, Rod W. Evans, Lloyd T.jcGIBBERELLINS AND FLOWERING OF GRASSES AND CEREALS: Prizing Open the Lid of the "Florigen" Black Box 2003Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.307-328g541rB Ananiev2003TAngelini20030?Angenent2003e! Arredondo2003O Arthur20037 Auger2003CAukerman2003c Ausubel2003X Aydt20033 Bagatta2003 Bajji2003Q Balbi20031 Bangham20033 BAO2003) Barkman2003 Barlow2003mU Barroso2003m Bateman2003( Baum20030kBeeckman2003iBeemster2003k Bennett2003C Berardini2003 Bergelson20035 Bergelson2003Z Berleth2003 Berndtgen2003eBhalerao20033kBhalerao2003X Bhat200337Birchler20030 Bird2003C Bollman2003DBomblies2003 Borking20038 Borsuk20030,BOTHWELL20033/ BOURDS2003- BOWERS2003RBrocard-Gifford2003 Broman2003j Brown2003q Brown2003,BROWNLEE20033 Bushman2003?Busscher-Lange2003U Campos20033 Carboni2003  Carputo2003k Casero20030kCasimiro2003U Cassab20030 Casson2003$ Cavalieri2003T Cenci2003X Cerny2003TCervelli2003a Chaerle2003- CHAPMAN2003# Charlesworth20035 CHEN2003w@ Chen2003* Cheng2003h Cheng2003Y Choi2003 Chopra20037 Chris Pires20032 CHRISTENSEN2003S Citerne2003Z Ckurshumova20039 Clark2003 Cocciolone2003n Cock2003y1 Coen20030S Coen2003n7 Colot20037 Comai2003T Cona2003U Corkidi2003, COSTA2003VCoupland20033S Cronk2003' Cronn2003b Cronn2003Crucitti20033@ D'Auria20039 Dalal2003> Danilevskaya2003, DAVIES20030] Davies2003de Andrade Silva2003 de Meijer2003, DEMIDCHIK2003J Deng2003% Deutsch2003p Dewitte2003s Di Stilio20039 Dievart2003D Doebley20037 Doerge20033, DOLAN2003# Dolezel2003/ DOWNIE2003U Dubrovsky2003V Dunford2003 Dutuit20030U Eapen2003j Echeverria2003Ic Ecker20033 EDDY2003e Evans2003r Evans2003@ Farooq20033G Federer2003TFederico2003^Fedorova2003H Feldman2003c Ferrari2003?Ferrario2003/ FINDLAY2003R Finkelstein2003i Fiorani2003d Fischer2003g Fleming2003, FOREMAN2003IFreeling20033  Frusciante20034 FU20030W Fujioka2003_ Fujioka2003* Fukuta20032o Galway20030< Gandikota2003n Gaude2003@ Gershenzon2003" Gielis2003_ Goda20030dGoldberg2003 Golz20030k Graham20030 Grant2003 Gray2003 Grbic2003V Griffiths2003G Grossniklaus2003FGruissem20033 Gubitz20033% Guyader2003^Gyrgyey2003E Ha2003 Hall20030h Hall200304 HAN2003\Hannapel2003]Hannapel2003X Hanson2003> Hantke2003ad Harada20030a Harren20030\ Hart20033] Hart20033$ Hartl2003%Hassanin2003. Hayama2003W He2003F Hennig2003> Hermon2003a( Hileman2003K Hirano200333 HIROCHIKA20034 HIROSHI2003 Hobza2003] Horner2003^ Horvath2003/ HOSIE2003  Huang2003X Huang2003G Huck2003 Hudson20033< Huijser2003Humphrey2003C Hunter200309 Huttly20033h Hwang20032IMAIZUMI20030? Immink20030i Inz20030A Irish2003eIshikawa20033# Isono2003 Itoh20033% Jager2003W Jang200307 Jeffery Chen2003MJernvall2003d3 JIANG2003H Jiang2003fJohnston2003, JONES2003h Jones2003E Jun20032 KADOTA200302 KANEGAE2003W Kang20030I Kaplinsky2003/ KARUNAKARAN2003B Katsumata20032 KAWAI2003# Kawano20033# Kejnovsky2003+ Kellogg2003` Khanna2003s6 Kidner2003E Kim2003E Kim2003 Kinet2003r King2003Kitamura200332 KIYOSUE2003> Kollipara2003B Komeda20030^ Kondorosi2003^ Kondorosi2003 Korves20030l Kozela2003Kozyreva2003s Kramer2003Kreitman20035Kreitman2003:Kumimoto20033a Laarhoven20039 Lacey2003; Lakeman2003; Lakeman2003 $n5L`P;_ `YYukihisa Shimada Hideki Goda Ayako Nakamura Suguru Takatsuto Shozo Fujioka Shigeo Yoshida 2003~Organ-Specific Expression of Brassinosteroid-Biosynthetic Genes and Distribution of Endogenous Brassinosteroids in ArabidopsisPlant Physiologist 131287-297:3Shpak, Elena D. Lakeman, Michael B. Torii, Keiko U.Dominant-Negative Receptor Uncovers Redundancy in the Arabidopsis ERECTA Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor-Like Kinase Signaling Pathway That Regulates Organ Shape 2003 Plant Cell Plant Cell 1095-1110e155c>7http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/5/1095i May 1, 2003nArabidopsis ERECTA, a Leu-rich repeat receptor-like Ser/Thr kinase (LRR-RLK), regulates organ shape and inflorescence architecture. Here, we show that a truncated ERECTA protein that lacks the cytoplasmic kinase domain ({Delta}Kinase) confers dominant-negative effects when expressed under the control of the native ERECTA promoter and terminator. Transgenic plants expressing {Delta}Kinase displayed phenotypes, including compact inflorescence and short, blunt siliques, that are characteristic of loss-of-function erecta mutant plants. The {Delta}Kinase fragment migrated as a stable [~]400-kD protein complex in the complete absence of the endogenous ERECTA protein and significantly exaggerated the growth defects of the null erecta plants. A functional LRR domain of {Delta}Kinase was required for dominant-negative effects. Accumulation of {Delta}Kinase did not interfere with another LRR-RLK signaling pathway (CLAVATA1), which operates in the same cells as ERECTA but has a distinct biological function. Both the erecta mutation and {Delta}Kinase expression conferred a lesser number of large, disorganized, and expanded cortex cells, which are associated with an increased level of somatic endoploidy. These findings suggest that functionally redundant RLK signaling pathways, including ERECTA, are required to fine-tune the proliferation and growth of cells in the same tissue type during Arabidopsis organogenesis.cSonia E. Sultan 2003NGPhenotypic plasticity in plants: a case study in ecological developmentEvolution & Development5125XQAmel Talamali Mohammed Bajji Annick Le Thomas Jean-Marie Kinet Pierre Dutuit, 2003xrFlower architecture and sex determination: how does Atriplex halimus play with floral morphogenesis and sex genes? New Phytol 157t1w105-113January 01, 2003 New PhytolVOhttp://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00651.x/absLFFranoise Thibaud-Nissen Robin T. Shealy Anupama Khanna Lila O. Vodkin 2003pjClustering of Microarray Data Reveals Transcript Patterns Associated with Somatic Embryogenesis in SoybeanPlant Physiologist 132118-136JDTIAN, D. TRAW, M. B. CHEN, J. Q. Kreitman, Martin Bergelson, Joy 2003JCFitness costs of R-gene-mediated resistance in Arabidopsis thalianab Nature 423r 74-77QResistance genes (R-genes) act as an immune system in plants by recognizing pathogens and inducing defensive pathways. Many R-gene loci are present in plant genomes, presumably reflecting the need to maintain a large repertoire of resistance alleles. These loci also often segregate for resistance and susceptibility alleles that natural selection has maintained as polymorphisms within a species for millions of years1-5. Given the obvious advantage to an individual of being disease resistant, what prevents these resistance alleles from being driven to fixation by natural selection? A cost of resistance6 is one potential explanation; most models require a lower fitness of resistant individuals in the absence of pathogens for long-term persistence of susceptibility alleles7. Here we test for the presence of a cost of resistance at the RPM1 locus of Arabidopsis thaliana. Results of a field experiment comparing the fitness of isogenic strains that differ in the presence or absence of RPM1 and its natural promoter reveal a large cost of RPM1, providing the first evidence that costs contribute to the maintenance of an ancient R-gene polymorphism.JDGabrielle Tichtinsky Vincent Vanoosthuyse J. Mark Cock Thierry Gaude 2003D=Making inroads into plant receptor kinase signalling pathwaysTrends in Plant Sciences85231-237c>7Townsend, Jeffrey P. Cavalieri, Duccio Hartl, Daniel L.B;Population Genetic Variation in Genome-Wide Gene Expression 2003 Mol Biol Evol Mol Biol Evolo955-963i206t>8http://mbe.oupjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/6/955 June 1, 2003Evolutionary biologists seek to understand which traits display variation, are heritable, and influence differential reproduction, because such traits respond to natural selection and underlie organic evolution. Selection acts upon individual differences within a population. Whether individual differences within a natural population include variation in gene expression levels has not yet been addressed on a genome-wide scale. Here we use DNA microarray technology for measuring comparative gene expression and a refined statistical analysis for the purpose of comparing gene expression levels in natural isolates of the wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A method for the Bayesian analysis of gene expression levels is used to compare four natural isolates of S. cerevisiae from Montalcino, Italy. Widespread variation in amino acid metabolism, sulfur assimilation and processing, and protein degradation--primarily consisting of differences in expression level smaller than a factor of 2--is demonstrated. Genetic variation in gene expression among isolates from a natural population is present on a genomic scale. It remains to be determined what role differential gene expression may play in adaptation to new or changing environments.<6Ungerer, Mark C. Linder, C. Randal Rieseberg, Loren H.pjEffects of Genetic Background on Response to Selection in Experimental Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana 2003GeneticsGenetics277-286  163a1e<6http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/163/1/277January 1, 2003dThe extent to which genetic background can influence allelic fitness is poorly understood, despite having important evolutionary consequences. Using experimental populations of Arabidopsis thaliana and map-based population genetic data, we examined a multigeneration response to selection in populations with differentiated genetic backgrounds. Replicated experimental populations of A. thaliana with genetic backgrounds derived from ecotypes Landsberg and Niederzenz were subjected to strong viability and fertility selection by growing individuals from each population at high density for three generations in a growth chamber. Patterns of genome-wide selection were evaluated by examining deviations from expected frequencies of mapped molecular markers. Estimates of selection coefficients for individual genomic regions ranged from near 0 to 0.685. Genomic regions demonstrating the strongest response to selection most often were selected similarly in both genetic backgrounds. The selection response of several weakly selected regions, however, appeared to be sensitive to genetic background, but only one region showed evidence of positive selection in one background and negative selection in another. These results are most consistent with models of adaptive evolution in which allelic fitnesses are not strongly influenced by genetic background and only infrequently change in sign due to variation at other loci.Agfoa<ztUnte, Ulrike S. Sorensen, Anna-Marie Pesaresi, Paolo Gandikota, Madhuri Leister, Dario Saedler, Heinz Huijser, PeterNHSPL8, an SBP-Box Gene That Affects Pollen Sac Development in Arabidopsis 2003 Plant Cell Plant Cell 1009-1019.154,>7http://www.plantcell.org/cgi/content/abstract/15/4/1009  April 1, 2003 SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-box genes (SBP-box genes) encode plant-specific proteins that share a highly conserved DNA binding domain, the SBP domain. Although likely to represent transcription factors, little is known about their role in development. In Arabidopsis, SBP-box genes constitute a structurally heterogeneous family of 16 members known as SPL genes. For one of these genes, SPL8, we isolated three independent transposon-tagged mutants, all of which exhibited a strong reduction in fertility. Microscopic analysis revealed that this reduced fertility is attributable primarily to abnormally developed microsporangia, which exhibit premeiotic abortion of the sporocytes. In addition to its role in microsporogenesis, the SPL8 knockout also seems to affect megasporogenesis, trichome formation on sepals, and stamen filament elongation. The SPL8 mutants described help to uncover the roles of SBP-box genes in plant development.Filip Vandenbussche Jan Smalle Jie Le Nelson Jos Madeira Saibo Annelies De Paepe Laury Chaerle Olaf Tietz Raphael Smets Lucas J.J. Laarhoven Frans J.M. Harren Harry Van Onckelen Klaus Palme Jean-Pierre Verbelen Dominique Van Der Straeten 2003VOThe Arabidopsis Mutant alh1 Illustrates a Cross Talk between Ethylene and AuxinPlant Physiologist 131 1228-1238.'Wasteneys, Geoffrey O. Galway, Moira E.VPREMODELING THE CYTOSKELETON FOR GROWTH AND FORM: An Overview with Some New Views 2003Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.691-722a5412B