`EpE @@@ @@@@$G@`E EN DB E GdGoodrich2003 P185-191tFalusi, M. Calamassi, R.zsDormancy of Fagus sylvatica L. buds III. Temperature and hormones in the evolution of dormancy in one-node cuttingsPlant Biosystemsbud dormancy, chilling, Fagus sylvatica, hormones, one-node cutting, temperature GIBBERELLIC-ACID; BEECH SEEDLINGS; WOODY-PLANTS; LONG DAYS; GROWTH; REST; PHOTOPERIOD; BURST; PROVENANCE; ECOTYPESo$The evolution of the growth potential of Fagus sylvatica L. buds in the autumn-winter period (September-March) was analysed. One-node cuttings (of apical, median and basal buds, and small buds at the base of the branch) were taken from one-year old shoots removed from adult beech plants (at Vallombrosa in the Tuscan Apennines) and placed in climatic chambers with a 12-h photoperiod and temperatures of 15degrees and 25degreesC. They were treated either with water or gibberellin and kinetin solutions. The trend in sprouting was followed, for all types of buds, for 60 days. The months of September and October constituted the period of entry into dormancy, which then reached a peak at the beginning of November. In December, the phase of rapid dormancy removal was already present. Restriction and subsequent widening of the thermic interval compatible with growth, establishment and later removal of the basitonal habitus were the characterising elements in the autumn-winter evolution. Kinetin had null or slightly inhibiting effects in all the examined period. Gibberellin did not modify the behaviour of buds approaching dormancy, whereas they strongly stimulated growth in the period of rapid dormancy removal, and exerted moderate effects in the subsequent period of slow residual dormancy removal. 2003 1372ISI:000184727200008B;Fujita, H Takemura, M Tani, E Nemoto, K Yokota, A Kohchi, Td 2003An Arabidopsis MADS-box protein, AGL24, is specifically bound to and phosphorylated by meristematic receptor-like kinase (MRLK)r Plant and Cell PhysiologyK447  735-42 July60Intercellular signaling mediated by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) is important for diverse processes in plant development, although downstream intracellular signaling pathways remain poorly understood. Proteins interacting directly with RLK were screened for by yeast two-hybrid assay with the kinase domain as bait. A MADS-box protein, AGL24 was identified as a candidate substrate of MRLK (Meristematic Receptor-Like Kinase), which was named for its spatial expression in shoot and root apical meristems in ARABIDOPSIS: The AGL24 protein specifically interacted with, and was phosphorylated by, the MRLK kinase domain in in vitro assays. The simultaneous expression of AGL24 and MRLK in shoot apices during floral transition suggested that the interaction occurs in plants. Using plants constitutively expressing a fusion protein of AGL24 and green fluorescent protein, the subcellular localization of AGL24 protein was observed exclusively in the nucleus in apical tissues where MRLK was expressed, while AGL24 was localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus in tissues where no MRLK expression was detectable. These results suggest that MRLK signaling promotes translocation of AGL24 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. We propose that the RLK signaling pathway involves phosphorylation of a MADS-box transcription factor.brimer, chloroplast, simple sequence repeats, variable region, genetic relationshipsZ &iY$`kY PWQO?^ COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCEt, simple sequence repeats, variable region, genetic relationshipsZ &iY 46-51 60Chabaud, M. de Carvalho-Niebel, F. Barker, D. G.zEfficient transformation of Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong using the hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain AGL1Plant Cell Reportstransformation, regeneration, Jemalong, AGL1, Agrobacterium MEDIATED GENE-TRANSFER; T-DNA; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; PLANTS; EXPRESSION; REGENERATION; PROMOTER; VECTORS; ALFALFA; PLASMIDpThe efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation of the model legume Medicago truncatula cv. Jemalong (genotype 2HA) was evaluated for strains LBA 4404, C58pMP90, C58pGV2260 and AGL1. Binary vectors carrying promoter-gus/gfp reporter gene fusions and the nptII gene as selectable marker were used for plant in vitro transformation/regeneration. The highest transformation efficiency was obtained with the disarmed hypervirulent strain AGL1 (Ti plasmid TiBo542), for which the percentage of explants forming kanamycin (Km)-resistant calli was double that obtained with each of the other three strains. In addition, we were able to reduce the time necessary for plant regeneration using AGL1, with 24% of the explants generating Km-resistant transgenic plantlets within only 4-5 months of culture. Transgene expression in planta was analysed and found to be conserved in the T-1 descendents. 2003 AUG221ISI:000184778000006 S133-S133D=Chujo, A. Komatsu, M. Hiratsu, K. Ohme-Takagi, M. Kyozuka, J.D>Function analysis of FZP, a rice floral meristem identity gene Plant and Cell Physiology 200344Suppl. SISI:000181914300528i!1 "& #)!/.7;(*'  Authors4u Journals X Keywords :                                C A, Yokota Abe, J. Abe, K. Abe, M.Abi-Rached, L. Afsar, K. Agrawal, N.Ahlawat, Y. S. Aivalakis, G.Alburquerque, N. Aleman, S. Alm, V. Altpeter, F.Amasino, R. M. Amey, P. Amiard, V.Amirjani, M. R. Anoop, V. M. Araki, T. Arias, S. Arun, B. Aspeborg, H. Atkin, O. K. Auguy, F.Aukerman, M. J. Baba, K. Bais, H. P. Baldan, B.Baldwin, I. T.Balestrini, R.Ballare, C. L.Banares-Baudet, A. Barker, D. G. Barna, B.Barnard, H. R. Bartels, D.Bassett, E. V. Basu, U.Bauerle, T. L.Bauerle, W. L.Ben-Cheikh, W. Bendall, M. Bennett, M. Betti, M.Bhalerao, R. P. Bible, B. B.Bierfreund, N. M.Billard, J. P.Biolley, J. P. Blanchoin, L.Bodhipadma, K. Bogusz, D. Bojinov, B. Bonfante, P.Boomsma, J. J.Bouchet, B. Y. Brand, U. Breton, G.Broughton, W. J.Buonaccorsi, J. P. Bureau, T. E. Burgos, L.Burnell, J. N. Burr, B. Calamassi, R.Callaway, R. M. Cameron, K.Campbell, M. A.Cantrell, R. G. Careaga, S.Carque-Alamo, E. Carr, J. M.Carson, S. D. B.Casacuberta, J. M.Casamitjana-Martinez, E. Cecich, R. A. Cellarova, E. Chabaud, M. Chai, B. F. Chand, R.Chandok, M. R.Chazdon, R. L. Chen, X. M. Chiba, Y. Chiurazzi, M. Cho, S. K. Choi, K. R. Chou, L. T. Chujo, A. Chung, H. S. Chung, S. M. Clay, K.Collier, K. J. Cooke, T. J. Courtois, B. Cramer, M. D. Croes, A. F. Culley, A. I. Curtis, I. S.da Mota, T. R. Dainese, P. Danyluk, J. Darbon, H. Dauk, M.de Carvalho-Niebel, F. De Clercq, E.de Klerk, G. J. De Kroon, H. Deakin, W. J. Debergh, P. Decker, E. L. Deckert, J. Deng, X. W.Dengler, R. E.Dharmasiri, N.Dharmasiri, S. Dimou, M. Dobbing, B.Dobrovolskaya, O. B.Dolgushev, V. A. Donini, P. Drouet, J. L. Drum, R. W. Dudits, D. Duncan, R. P. Dunkle, L. D. Dyason, K. E, Tani Earl, P. R. Eiguchi, M. Elkinton, J. Endres, L.Eriksson, M. E. Escudero, A. Estelle, M. Falusi, M. Fedak, G. Feher, A. Feng, Z. H.Flemetakis, E. Fokina, M.Fountain, W. F. Fowler, D. B. Franche, C. Friis, E. M. Frison, E. Fujii, A. Fujita, H Fujita, K. Fujita, M.Funnell, K. A.  (XActa Botanica SinicaActa Oceanologica Sinica American Journal of BotanyAntiviral Research$ Australian Journal of EntomologywBasic and Applied Ecology83Biochemical and Biophysical Research CommunicationsBiochemical JournalBiological BulletinBiological Conservation$ Canadian Journal of Soil SciencewCurrent Biology$ Current Opinion in Plant Biologyw Development$Development Genes and EvolutionwDevelopmental BiologyDevelopmental Cell DNA SequenceEcological Monographs Ecology EuphyticaEvolution Psychiatrique Faseb JournalField Crops Research Forest Ecology and ManagementFunctional Plant BiologyGene Genes Dev. GenomeGenome Research HereditywIndian Veterinary Journal<8International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems($International Journal of Electronics0*Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry$Journal of Experimental Botanyw Journal of Pesticide Science4/Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology] Journal of Plant Physiology<9Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science$Journal of Theoretical BiologywMicrobiology-Sgm$Molecular Biology and Evolutionw$Molecular Genetics and Genomicsw($Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions NatureNature BiotechnologyNature GeneticsNew Phytologist85New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science$Photochemistry and Photobiologyw Phyton-Annales Rei BotanicaePhytopathologyPlant and Cell PhysiologyPlant Biosystems Plant Cell Plant Cell and EnvironmentPlant Cell Reports(#Plant Cell Tissue and Organ CulturePlant Growth Regulation Plant JournalPlant Molecular BiologyPlant PathologyPlant Physiology$!Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Plant Science$Plant Systematics and Evolutionw PlantaTOProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaLGProceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciencesw Protein and Peptide Letters40Reliable Software Technologies - Ada-Europe 2003Restoration Ecology Russian Journal of Genetics(#Russian Journal of Plant Physiology Science Soil Science$South African Journal of Botanyw($Southern Journal of Applied ForestrySystematic Botany$ Theoretical and Applied GeneticswThird World QuarterlyTree PhysiologyTrends in BiotechnologyTrends in Plant Science$!World Journal of Gastroenterology,)Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society Zoomorphology  5\ 13S CONDENSIN 2 FORMSER0-2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS4.4-(METHYLNITROSAMINO)-1-(3-PYRIDYL)-1-BUTANONEati5' SPLICE SITEDENA SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTIONTNABA, abiotic stresses, atypical LEA-like protein, DD-PCR, ethylene, hot pepper? ABSCISIC-ACID ACCUMULATIONHACIDWACTIN CYTOSKELETONACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE ACTIVATIONSST ACYL-COAYADAPTIVE PLASTICITYAO$ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY HYPOTHESIS, exsadefovir, tenofovir, badnavirus, pararetrovirus, banana streak virus, chemotherapy, hepadnavirus, virus eradicationZ ADHYPERFORINC ADSORPTIONBRYPKadventitious shoots, carbon source, cytokinins, gelling agent, rhizogenesisY AEGILOPSIHCAFLP, henequen, somatic embryogenesis, principal component analysisAGE-RELATED DECLINEATdaagricultural land restoration, bottomland hardwood restoration, Quercus spp, volunteer vegetation AGROBACTERIUM(%AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATIONAGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENSAHK4 HISTIDINE KINASE AJUGA-REPTANSALEURONE CELLSISI ALFALFARTALGAEAllium cepa, magnetoreception, giant cells, giant nuclei, apical meristems, magnetic field of the Earth, outrages of geomagnetic field, cellular self-regulation, adaptation ALLOCASUARINA-VERTICILLATAZLIallopolyploidy, genome evolution, ESTs, retrotransposons, DNA methylationALLOTETRAPLOID COTTONALLOZYME POLYMORPHISMSISSALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITORcaALPHA-POLYPEPTIDEALTERNATIVE OXIDASECKhbalternative splicing, BLIND, cadastral gene, CURLY LEAF, petunia (Petunia hybrida), Polycomb-group AMBIENT PHD PAMINO-ACID-SEQUENCEROAMINO-ACID-SEQUENCESlAMINO-COMPOUNDSTA`\aminoethoxyvinylglycine, antibiotics, gelling agent, Prunus armeniaca L, silver thiosulphate|ammonium assimilation, gene expression, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate synthase, glutamine synthetase, mycorrhizal fungimAMMONIUM TRANSPORTERS AMYLASE/SUBTILISIN INHIBITOR Anaitis, Annelida, new species, Paranaitis misakiensis sp nov., Paranaitis moritai sp nov., Paranaitis pumila sp nov., Phyllodoce truncato. comb. nov., phylogeny, taxonomytnAnanas comosus, apical dominance, axillary bud development, indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins, hormonal controlD@anatomy, Collohmannia, exocrine secretion, oil glands, Oribatidaangiosperm reproduction, double fertilization, gymnosperm reproduction, historical review, in vitro fertilization, maternal effect genes, pollen tube guidanceiY ANGIOSPERMSSEANGUSTIFOLIA AGAVACEAEc e ANIMAL TOXINS ANNELIDAC ANTHOSNINANTIBIOTIC TIMENTINIS APETALA1T APHIDICOLINNSAPICAL DOMINANCEaAPICAL MERISTEM PAPIS-MELLIFERA LR APOPTOSISAPPLEHEaquatic plants, geometrical model, phyllotaxis, shoot apical meristem ARABIDOPSIS ARABIDOPSIS ALLOTETRAPLOIDSDSARABIDOPSIS GENESlgArabidopsis thaliana, flower development, flowering time, MADS box genes, orchid, Oncidium Gower RamseyARABIDOPSIS TRICHOMESdaArabidopsis, Aristotelian causes, functionalism, integrative biology, reductionism, structuralismxrArabidopsis, aspartate transcarbamoylase, N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate, pyrB, pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesisZ0,Arabidopsis, CLV, shoot meristem, stem cellsXUArabidopsis, genetic architecture, life history evolution, model organisms, selectionPMArabidopsis, photomorphogenesis, light signal transduction, phytochrome, SPA1ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANAe4.Arachis hypogaea, groundnut, selectable markerARACHIS-HYPOGAEA L.ro ARCHITECTUREAAREAAASPERGILLUS-NIDULANSN ASSIMILATIONN ASSOCIATIONOG ASTIGMATAAUTO-CORRELATION ANALYSISAUTOCORRELATION ANALYSISSAUX/IAA PROTEINSAUXINAUXIN TRANSPORTNT\Wauxin, bioreactor, liquid culture, medicinal plant, regeneration, root, St. John's wort  #!/7' !(11 " //7(* # 1"& !!;( );! $28 LEAF EXPLANTS LEAF SHEATHST LEAVESSIMLEGUME NODULESSTA4/legumes, pathogenicity, symbiosis, translocator LEGUMINOSAEMS LEPIDOPTERANT LEUNIGXESLIGHTLIGHT GRADIENTSTc LIGHT QUALITY@:light, phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, Arabidopsis LIGHT-REGULATED EXPRESSIONeneLILIUM-SPECIOSUMTLIMITED SEED DISPERSALSIS LIMITSSRALimonium perigrinum, Limonium purpuratum, physiological maturity, panicle diameter, propagation, stem length, variance, leaf numberou LINKAGE MAPACLIPID-COMPOSITION LIPID-CONTENTLIPID-PEROXIDATIONOSI LOCALIZATIONNLOCUSLOLIUM-PERENNE LONG DAYSLONG HYPOCOTYL MUTANT LONGIFLORUMIOLONGIPINNATUS BAILEYLOTUS-JAPONICUSON LOW PHiumLOW-TEMPERATURELILOW-TEMPERATURE TOLERANCELOWLAND RAIN-FORESTreLUPINUS-ALBUS L.LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM, LYCOPERSICON-PERUVIANUM1,MADS DOMAIN PROTEINce MADS-BOX GENEMADS-BOX GENESali MAINTENANCEPMMAINTENANCE RESPIRATIONNMAIZE MAIZE ANTHERE MAIZE GENOMEMAIZE WAXY GENETRMAJOR DETERMINANTMALATE-DEHYDROGENASESMAMMALIAN-CELLSUR MANIPULATIONEMANNOSE-BINDING LECTINSa,MARCHANTIA-POLYMORPHAMARINE VIRUSESUSE MARKERESO MARKER GENESL MARKERSICmaximum rate of carboxylation, maximum rate of electron transport, nitrogen partitioning, rate of light-saturated photosynthesis, specific leaf areaMAXIMUM-LIKELIHOODYHA MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD ANALYSESZ MECHANISM MECHANISMSNSIMEDEA POLYCOMB GENEITMEDIATED GENE-TRANSFERratMEDICAGO-SATIVAN MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION MELATONIN MELILOTIO MERISTEM MERISTEM IDENTITYMESORHIZOBIUM-LOTIARU MESSENGER-RNAMESSENGER-RNA LEVELSTMESSENGER-RNASIDE METABOLISMESI METALSNGS METHYLATIONVO METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITYD,  MICROARRAYISLMICROARRAY ANALYSISESMICROBIAL COMMUNITIES MICROSCOPYSISMICROSOMAL PREPARATIONSSF MISSISSIPPILI MITES ACARIllMITOCHONDRIAL-DNAMODEL MODEL SYSTEMI MODELSOW MOLECULAR ANALYSISTIO MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATIONer MOLECULAR EVOLUTIONATMOLECULAR PHYLOGENYHAMOLECULAR RESPONSESLIMOLECULAR-BASISOTMOLECULAR-CLONINGMOLECULAR-INTERACTIONSHWA MOLLICUTESSQU MOLLUSCAG@=monocotyledon, callus, Agrobacterium-mediation, Poa pratensis MORPHOGENESIS MORPHOLOGYMORPHOREGULATORY ROLEMOSQUITO CELLSNESMOST-PARSIMONIOUS TREESY MOTIFSMYN MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENTZ MUSCLE SARCOPLASMIC-RETICULUM MUTAGENESISSN MUTANTNSS MUTANTSTI MUTATIONS MYCOPLASMASQU$MYELIN-ASSOCIATED GLYCOPROTEINasm N-2 FIXATIONENADPHNATURAL-POPULATIONSSMNATURAL-SELECTIONNDHF SEQUENCESHOO NEIGHBORSNET PHOTOSYNTHESISCEANEURITE OUTGROWTHNEW-SOUTH-WALES t NEW-ZEALANDIN NEWLY SYNTHESIZED AMPHIPLOIDSNicotiana tabacum, competition, ethylene-insensitivity, leaf angle, neighbour signalling, phytochrome, red/far-red ratio, shade avoidance, stem elongationNICOTIANA-PLUMBAGINIFOLIA$NIGHT TEMPERATURE ALTERNATIONShypNILAPARVATA-LUGENSPPENITROGEN NUTRITIONTSNNITROGEN-FIXATIONNITROGEN-METABOLISMIZ NODULATIONENENODULATION FACTORSFACNODULE FORMATION NONCODING REGIONSNONFLOWERING SEED PLANT, NUCLEAR EXPORTOTENUCLEAR-DNA CONTENTma NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORTZNUCLEOTIDE BIOSYNTHESIStrNUCLEOTIDE-BINDING SITETANUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCEHANUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCESrO-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASEOAKESOF-FUNCTION MUTATIONS ONTARIOTA ORCHIDACEAE D ORGANIC-ACIDS ORGANOGENESIS ORIGINENE ORIGINSEAORTHOPHOSPHATE DIKINASENS ORYZA-SATIVATOXALIC-ACID PRODUCTIONSEAOXIDATIVE-PHOSPHORYLATIONOXIDOREDUCTASEYESOXYGEN RADICALSIOPth893-903 VPIsraelsson, M. Eriksson, M. E. Hertzberg, M. Aspeborg, H. Nilsson, P. Moritz, T.vpChanges in gene expression in the wood-forming tissue of transgenic hybrid aspen with increased secondary growthPlant Molecular BiologycDNA microarray analysis, GA 20-oxidase, gibberellin, Populus, wood formation PECTIN METHYLESTERASES; FIBER LENGTH; ARABIDOPSIS; BIOSYNTHESIS; PATTERN; AUXIN; MICROARRAY; STEM; TRANSCRIPTION; GIBBERELLINSTransgenic lines of hybrid aspen with elevated levels of gibberellin (GA) show greatly increased numbers of xylem fibres and increases in xylem fibre length. These plants therefore provide excellent models for studying secondary growth. We have used cDNA microarry analysis to investigate how gene transcription in the developing xylem is affected by GA-induced growth. A recent investigation has shown that genes encoding lignin and cellulose biosynthetic enzymes, as well as a number of transcription factors and other potential regulators of xylogenesis, are under developmental-stage-specific transcriptional control. The present study shows that the highest transcript changes in our transgenic trees occurs in genes generally restricted to the early stages of xylogenesis, including cell division, early expansion and late expansion. The results reveal genes among those arrayed that are up-regulated with an increased xylem production, thus indicating key components in the production of wood. 2003 JUL524ISI:000184576800015 S145-S145e`ZIwakawa, H. Semiarti, E. Ueno, Y. Souma, T. Kojima, S. Tsukaya, H. Machida, C. Machida, Y.ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 and ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana forms a protein complex that is involved in a symmetrical leaf developmentP Plant and Cell Physiology 200344Suppl. SISI:000181914300577 1124-1130p& Iwamoto, A. Shimizu, A. Ohba, H.`ZFloral development and phyllotactic variation in Ceratophyllum demersum (Ceratophyllaceae) American Journal of BotanyCeratophyllaceae, Ceratophyllum demersum, floral development, floral phyllotaxy, Japan PLASTID GENE RBCL; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; ANGIOSPERMS; FLOWERS; CLASSIFICATION; PHYLOGENETICS; PLANTS; ORIGIN*#The floral development of staminate and pistillate flowers of Ceratophyllum demersum was observed, with particular focus on the phyllotactic variation in staminate flowers, using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). We discerned patterns of development of some important new morphological features, e.g., the difference and discontinuity between the organ initiation in stamens and that in bracts (or tepals) and the initial presence of a mucilaginous appendage on each pistil. Female flowers are considered to be very specialized through reduction. In male flowers stamen initiation changes between early and late floral development. The four or five stamens in the outermost whorl initiate first on the abaxial and lateral sides of the floral apex and only later on the adaxial side (unidirectional). Later the inner stamens initiate spirally, and this is the main pattern in the stamen initiation. Members of each whorl differ among themselves in time of initiation and in ultimate size. The phyllotactic variation in staminate flowers of Ceratophyllum, suggested by previous studies, is derived from the variation in stamen number and the difference of stamen initiation between the early and later stages. The development in Ceratophyllum has some similarities to those of ANITA plants except for Nymphaeales. 2003 AUG908ISI:000184833300003k 1755-1767B8Evolutionary Rate Variation in Anthocyanin Pathway Genes&Molecular Biology and EvolutionbOver a broad taxonomic range, spanning monocots and dicots, upstream enzymes of the anthocyanin pigment pathway have evolved less rapidly than downstream enzymes. In this report it is shown that this pattern is also evident within the genus Ipomoea. Specifically, the most upstream enzyme, chalcone synthase (CHS-D), evolves more slowly than the two most downstream enzymes, ancyocyanidin synthase (ANS) and UDP glucose flavonoid 3-oxy-glucosyltransferase (UFGT). This pattern appears not to be due to variation in mutation rates, since the CHS-D gene exhibits higher synonymous substitution rates than the genes for the other two enzymes. Codon-based tests for positive selection suggest it has been negligible or absent in all three genes. In addition, the mean number of indel-creating events is four times as high in the downstream genes than in CHS-D. Unlike the downstream genes, CHS-D also exhibits evidence of codon bias. Together, the evidence suggests that the difference in non-synonymous substitution rates between upstream and downstream genes is due to relaxed constraint on the downstream genes rather than a greater frequency of positively selected substitutions.t743-751IrkMarie, C. Deakin, W. J. Viprey, V. Kopcinska, J. Golinowski, W. Krishnan, H. B. Perret, X. Broughton, W. J.piCharacterization of Nops, nodulation outer proteins, secreted via the type III secretion system of NGR234a*$Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactionslegumes, pathogenicity, symbiosis, translocator RHIZOBIUM-FREDII USDA257; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; RALSTONIA-SOLANACEARUM; MESORHIZOBIUM-LOTI; MOLECULAR-BASIS; ROOT-NODULES; HRP PILUS; PLASMID; PLANTF@The nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Rhizobium species NGR234 secretes, via a type III secretion system (TTSS), proteins called Nops (nodulation outer proteins). Abolition of TTSS-dependent protein secretion has either no effect or leads to a change in the number of nodules on selected plants. More dramatically, Nops impair nodule development on Crotalaria juncea roots, resulting in the formation of nonfixing pseudonodules. A double mutation of nopX and nopL, which code for two previously identified secreted proteins, leads to a phenotype on Pachyrhizus tuberosus differing from that of a mutant in which the TTSS is not functional. Use of antibodies and a modification of the purification protocol revealed that NGR234 secretes additional proteins in a TTSS-dependent manner. One of them was identified as NopA, a small 7-kDa protein. Single mutations in nopX and nopL were also generated to assess the involvement of each Nop in protein secretion and nodule formation. Mutation of nopX had little effect on NopL and NopA secretion but greatly affected the interaction of NGR234 with many plant hosts tested. NopL was not necessary for the secretion of any Nops but was required for efficient nodulation of some plant species. NopL may thus act as an effector protein whose recognition is dependent upon the hosts' genetic background. 2003 SEP169ISI:000184943000001811-819E,%Mayama, T. Ohtsubo, E. Tsuchimoto, S.HBIsolation and expression analysis of petunia CURLY LEAF-like genes Plant and Cell Physiologyalternative splicing, BLIND, cadastral gene, CURLY LEAF, petunia (Petunia hybrida), Polycomb-group METHYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY; DROSOPHILA ENHANCER; SEED DEVELOPMENT; SANT DOMAIN; ARABIDOPSIS; PROTEINS; FLOWER; MUTANT; COMPLEXES; LEUNIGThe Arabidopsis CURLY LEAF (CLF) gene is required to repress transcription of the class C gene AGAMOUS (AG) in whorls 1 and 2 of flowers and also in vegetative organs. CLF encodes a protein with homology to the product of the Drosophila Polycomb-group gene Enhancer of zeste [E(z)], which is involved in embyogenesis. In this study, we isolated three petunia CLF-like genes (PhCLF1, PhCLF2 and PhCLF3) based on the sequence homology between CLF and E(Z). Sequence analysis suggests that PhCLF1 and PhCLF2 are orthologs of CLF, whereas PhCLF3 is an ortholog of the Arabidopsis gene EZA1. We identified several conserved domains among products of PhCLF genes and related genes. PhCLF1 and PhCLF2 were expressed in all floral organs and leaves. The PhCLF1 transcripts were accumulated especially in corolla limbs, and contained several alternatively spliced RNA species. PhCLF1 and PhCLF2 do not appear to be the BLIND gene, which is required to repress transcription of the petunia class C gene, but their expression was affected by the homeotic conversion of organs in the blind flower. Our findings show that expression of PhCLF1 is regulated differently from that of PhCLF2, and suggest that the two petunia CLF orthologs function differently from each other. 2003 AUG448ISI:000184936600004j  PjY?Z PjY  %mYZPW@N? P1@@N? T Hennig, L  PjY?Z 335-338 lfKai, G. Y. Zheng, J. G. Zhang, L. Pang, Y. Z. Liao, Z. H. Li, Z. G. Zhao, L. X. Sun, X. F. Tang, K. X.@9Molecular cloning of a new lectin gene from Z-grandiflora DNA SequenceZephyranthes grandiflora, ZGA, RACE, mannose-binding lectin MANNOSE-BINDING LECTINS; RICE BROWN PLANTHOPPER; PLANT-LECTINS; NILAPARVATA-LUGENS; SNOWDROP LECTIN; EXPRESSION; RESISTANCE; FAMILIES Using RNA extracted from Zephyrathes grandiflora young leaves and primers designed according to the conservative regions of Amaryllidaceae lectins, the full-length cDNA of Z. grandiflora agglutinin (ZGA) was cloned by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA of ZGA was 934 bp and contained a 576 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 191 amino acid protein. Through comparative analysis of zga gene and its deduced amino acid sequence with those of other Amaryllidaceae species, it was found that zga encoded a precursor lectin with signal peptide. Molecular modeling suggested that ZGA was a mannose-binding lectin with three mannose-binding sites like lectins from other Amaryllidaceae species. Southern blot analysis of the genomic DNA revealed that zga belonged to a multi-copy gene family like those of many other Amaryllidaceae species such as Galanthus nivalis and Clivia miniata . 2003 JUL144ISI:000184433200013 S162-S162(!Katsumata, M. Okano, Y. Izawa, T.Analysis of red- and blue-light responses of flowering photomorphogenesis in the photoperiodic sensitivity 5 (se5) mutant of rice4 Plant and Cell Physiology1 200344Suppl. SISI:000181914300642ss in yellows than in whites at Y1, consistent with the white ancestral state of the gene. The strong sequence haplotype conservation within yellows at Y1 and a significant, negative Tajima's D both verified positive selection for yellow endosperm. We propose that two independent gain-of-function events associated with insertions into the promoter of the Y1 gene and upregulation of expression in endosperm have been incorporated into yellow maize. 2003 AUG158ISI:000184867100010 $FFINGER PROTEINNES FISSION YEASTFLORAL HOMEOTIC GENEFLORAL MERISTEM IDENTITYEFLORAL MIMICRYPYRFLORAL ORGAN IDENTITY FLORAL-DIPNERFLORAL-ORGAN IDENTITY FLOWERNSSFLOWER DEVELOPMENTPMEFLOWERING PLANTSSFLOWERING TIMETIOPKflowering, inflorescence phase, paraclade differentiation, phase transitionYFLOWERING-TIMETIM FLOWERSER FOLIAGEAT@=foliar morphometrics, leaf area, mesquites, Prosopis, biomass FORESTSIM FOREST PLANTS FOREST STREAM FORMICIDAEALO FOSSILZFRANKIA STRAINSONFREEZING TOLERANCEIRE FREQUENCY FRIGIDAPE<8FRIGIDA, vernalization, winter annual, natural variationFUEGO SOUTHERN ARGENTINAFUNCTIONAL DIVERSITYNFUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATIONEIFUNGUS MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA FUSARIUM-WILT FYNBOS PLANTSGAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENTYGELLING AGENTSGENGENEAGENE ORGANIZATION82gene structure, evolution, exon shuffling, viruses GENE-CLUSTERTGENE-EXPRESSIONLIGENES GENESISSMxsgenetic transformation, genotype screening, in-vitro response, rye (Secale cereale L.), transgene expression, nptIIZGENETIC-ALGORITHMGENETIC-VARIATION GENETICSO GENOMEORMGENOME EVOLUTIONS GENOMESTAGENOMIC ORGANIZATIONMGENTIANA-PNEUMONANTHE GERANIUM HYPOCOTYL CULTURESul GERMINATIONIOGIBBERELLIC-ACID GIBBERELLINLL GIBBERELLIN BIOSYNTHETIC GENEPJgibberellin, antibody, epitope mapping, saturation transfer difference NMRiY GIBBERELLINSN GIGANTEAM$!GLEDITSIA-TRIACANTHOS LEGUMINOSAEGLIDING MOTILITYSGLUCOSINOLATE COMPOSITIONGLYCEROL 3-PHOSPHATEOXUGlycine max (L.)Merr., Bradyrhizobium japonicum, bacteroid carbon supply, nitrogenasepmGlycine, wild soybean, Glycine soja, intergenic spacer sequences, chloroplast DNA, phylogenetic relationships GLYCOLYSISNOR GNETALESRGRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA57s GRAVITROPISMSGREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEINGREEN-REVOLUTIONGROUND CARBON ALLOCATIONGROUP-I INTRON GROWTHM-VGROWTH-REGULATORS GROWTH-STAGES GUIDELINESRee0-H-1 heavy ion irradiation, Oryza sativa, riceH3 LYSINE-27 METHYLATION HABITATRIHAPLOTYPE STRUCTUREATHARDWOOD FORESTSdLIhardwood, seed zone, adaptation, geographic information system, Tennessee HCV-RNAOF HELICASETpkhemoglobin D, crystallization, X-ray diffraction, Reptilia, the Aldabra giant tortoise, Geochelone giganteaHEMOGLOBIN GENENCHEPATITIS-B VIRUSHEPATITIS-C VIRUSHESIONIDAE POLYCHAETAHIFES HIGHER-PLANTSHIV-1 INFECTIONES HOMEOBOX GENEHOMEOBOX GENESKIN HOMEOTIC GENEHOMEOTIC GENE APETALA3nYHONEYBEE COLONIES HORDEUMSAHORDEUM-VULGAREIOHORIZONTAL TRANSFERERHOST-SPECIFICITYr HRP PILUS HUMAN GENOMEvHYDROGEN-PEROXIDE HYMENOPTERALOLHhypericin, pseudohypericin, phloroglucinols, Hypericum seedlings, ploidyICE MICROALGAETYiIDENTIFICATIONFAC ILLEGITIMATE RECOMBINATIONZIMMATURE EMBRYOSEIMPATIENS-CAPENSISYAO IMPORTIN-BETA IN-VITROFIN-VITRO FERTILIZATIONn, IN-VIVOWT INBRED LINESSINCREASED UV-BLININDIVIDUAL SUBUNITSINDOLEACETIC-ACIDINDUCED MUTATIONS INDUCTION INFECTIONINFLORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT INHIBITIONELLINHIBITOR ACTIVITYION INITIATIONVE- INSECTIONINSECT REPRODUCTIONSAINTACT SEEDLINGSS INTACT-CELLSL INTEGRATIONST INTERFERENCEN INTROGRESSIONINVERTEBRATE COLONIZATION INVITROET ISLANDSRAISOCITRATE DEHYDROGENASEISOLATED-CHLOROPLASTS ISOPENTENYL TRANSFERASE GENE KIKUCHIIS KINASESOL KINETICSOL.NES LARGE-SCALEEV LARVALCAG LATERAL BUDSNLEADSLEAFTLEAF DARK RESPIRATIONLEAF DEVELOPMENTT397-404Michelmore, R. W.;LEThe impact zone: genomics and breeding for durable disease resistanceO& Current Opinion in Plant BiologyDEPENDENT HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE; PATHOGEN PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING SITE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PLANT-PATHOGENS; GENE; EVOLUTION; PROTEINS; DIVERSITYDurable disease resistance is a major but elusive goal of many crop improvement programs. Genomic approaches will have a significant impact on efforts to ameliorate plant diseases by increasing the definition of and access to genepools available for crop improvement. This approach will involve the detailed characterization of the many genes that confer resistance, as well as technologies for the precise manipulation and deployment of resistance genes. Genomic studies on pathogens are providing an understanding of the molecular basis of specificity and the opportunity to select targets for more durable resistance. There are, however, several biological and societal issues that will have to be resolved before the full impact of genomics on breeding for disease resistance is realized. 2003 AUG64ISI:000184515800016 787-7990)Furtado, A. Henry, R. Scott, K. Meech, S.nhThe promoter of the asi gene directs expression in the maternal tissues of the seed in transgenic barleyPlant Molecular Biologybarley, BASI, GFP, pericarp, promoter ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITOR; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; ABSCISIC-ACID; SUBTILISIN INHIBITOR; AMYLASE/SUBTILISIN INHIBITOR; ALEURONE CELLS; DNA; GIBBERELLIN; TRANSFORMATION . (The bifunctional alpha-amylase/subtilisin inhibitor (BASI) is an abundant protein in barley seeds, proposed to play multiple and apparently diverse roles in regulation of starch hydrolysis and in seed defence against pathogens. In the Triticeae, the protein has evolved the ability to specifically inhibit the main group of alpha-amylases expressed during germination of barley and encoded by the amy1 gene family found only in the Triticeae. The expression of the asi gene that encodes BASI has been reported to be controlled by the hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA). Despite many studies at the gene and protein level, the function of this gene in the plant remains unclear. In this study, the 5'-flanking region (1033 bp, 1033-asi promoter) and the 3'-flanking region (655 bp) of the asi gene were isolated and characterised. The 1033-asi promoter sequence showed homology to a number of ciselements that play a role in ABA and GA regulated expression of other genes. With a green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) as reporter, the 1033-asi promoter was studied for spatial, temporal and hormonal control of gene expression. The 1033-asi promoter and its deletions direct transient gfp expression in the pericarp and at low levels in mature aleurone cells, and this expression is not regulated by ABA or GA. In transgenic barley plants, the 1033-asi promoter directed tissue-specific expression of the gfp gene in developing grain and germinating grain but not in roots or leaves. In developing grain, expression of gfp was observed specifically in the pericarp, the vascular tissue, the nucellar projection cells and the endosperm transfer cells and the hormones ABA or GA did not regulate this expression. In mature germinating grain gfp expression was observed in the embryo but not in aleurone or starchy endosperm. However, GA induced gfp expression in the aleurone of mature imbibed seeds from which the embryo had been removed. Expression in maternal rather than endosperm tissues of the grain suggests that earlier widespread assumptions that the protein is expressed largely in the endosperm may have been largely based on analysis of mixed grain tissues. This novel pattern of expression suggests that both activities of the protein may be primarily involved in seed defence in the peripheral tissues of the seed. 2003 JUL524ISI:000184576800007 1884-1891"Golovkin, M. Reddy, A. S. N.Expression of U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein 70K antisense transcript using APETALA3 promoter suppresses the development of sepals and petalsPlant PhysiologyHOMEOTIC GENE APETALA3; FLORAL ORGAN IDENTITY; 5' SPLICE SITE; MESSENGER-RNA; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; SR PROTEINS; FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; HIGHER-PLANTS; SNRNP; YEASTU1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP)-70K (U1-70K), a U1 snRNP-specific protein, is involved in the early stages of spliceosome formation. In non-plant systems, it is involved in constitutive and alternative splicing. It has been shown that U1snRNP is dispensable for in vitro splicing of some animal pre-mRNAs, and inactivation of U1-70K in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), is not lethal. As in yeast and humans (Homo sapiens), plant U1-70K is coded by a single gene. In this study, we blocked the expression of Arabidopsis U1-70K in petals and stamens by expressing U1-70K antisense transcript using the AP3 (APETALA3) promoter specific to these floral organs. Flowers of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing U1-70K antisense transcript showed partially developed stamens and petals that are arrested at different stages of development. In some transgenic lines, flowers have rudimentary petals and stamens and are mate sterile. The severity of the phenotype is correlated with the level of the antisense transcript. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants has confirmed that the observed phenotype is not due to disruption of whorl-specific homeotic genes, AP3 or PISTILLATA, responsible for petal and stamen development. The AP3 transcript was not detected in transgenic flowers with severe phenotype. Flowers of Arabidopsis plants transformed with a reporter gene driven by the same promoter showed no abnormalities. These results show that U1-70K is necessary for the development of sepals and petals and is an essential gene in plants. 2003 AUGs 132a4 ISI:000184713400017s595-601t*#Gonzalez, G. Aleman, S. Infante, D.ztAsexual genetic variability in Agave fourcroydes II: selection among individuals in a clonally propagated population Plant SciencehztAFLP, henequen, somatic embryogenesis, principal component analysis ANGUSTIFOLIA AGAVACEAE; DIVERSITY; MARKERS; RAPD Henequen is a perennial monocot that produces flowers only once towards the end of its long life cycle and then dies. Its high levels of ploidy (5x) render it sterile. It produces seeds with very low viability in the laboratory. Therefore, in plantations it is multiplied only through vegetative propagation using rhizomes. In previous work using AFLP, it was shown that despite its asexual reproduction henequen can be genetically variable. This variability is accompanied by differences in morphological characteristics. This fact indicates the possibility of selection among individuals in a clonally propagated population and its use for an improvement program via micropropagation through somatic embryogenesis. In this work, the study of morphological characters in selected individuals of henequen shows that differences exist in a clonally propagated population. Analysis with AFLP indicated that differences also exist at the genomic level. After micropropagation through somatic embryogenesis of three elite lines and 3 years under field conditions, we demonstrated using morphological analysis that plants originating from the same mother plant formed a group in Principal Component Analysis (PCA). AFLP and cluster analysis using Unweighted Pair-Group Method Arithmetic-Average (UPGMA) showed that each mother plant and its somatic embryogenesis derived daughter plants clustered, indicating the conservation of molecular marker patterns in the micropropagated daughter plants. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 2003 SEP 1653ISI:000184742100017F . 471-481Lb[Park, J. A. Cho, S. K. Kim, J. E. Chung, H. S. Hong, J. P. Hwang, B. Hong, C. B. Kim, W. T.Isolation of cDNAs differentially expressed in response to drought stress and characterization of the Ca-LEAL1 gene encoding a new family of atypical LEA-like protein homologue in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. Pukang) Plant ScienceABA, abiotic stresses, atypical LEA-like protein, DD-PCR, ethylene, hot pepper PATHOGEN-INDUCED EXPRESSION; UBIQUITIN-LIGASE; ABSCISIC-ACID; ENVIRONMENTAL-STRESSES; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; ARABIDOPSIS GENES; FINGER PROTEIN; WATER-DEFICIT; SALT; TOMATOHBAmong various abiotic stresses, water deficit is one of the most severe environmental factors responsible for the reduction of crop yield in many parts of the world. By means of the mRNA differential display technique, seven cDNAs (pCa-DIs for Capsicum annuum drought induced) have been isolated that are rapidly induced when hot pepper plants are subjected to water stress (5-20% loss of fresh weight). For all of the isolated Ca-DIs, database search provided significant sequence similarity to previously described genes from different plant species. The predicted proteins encoded by the Ca-DI genes are putatively involved in processes as diverse as primary metabolism, protein degradation, cell wall modification and stress response, suggesting the complexity of cellular responses to drought stress in hot pepper plants. Particularly, we analyzed the detailed structural property and expression pattern of the Ca-D14 (Ca-LEAL1) gene. Sequence homology studies indicate that Ca-LEAL1 (M-r = 19.3 kDa) belongs to a new family of atypical hydrophobic late embryogenesis-abundant-like (LEA-like) proteins. Expression analysis showed that Ca-LEAL1 was strongly activated by drought and salt stresses, and also in response to mechanical wounding in both local and systemic leaves. Moreover, the level of Ca-LEAL1 transcript was rapidly enhanced by exogenous application of ABA and ethylene. These results are consistent with the notion that an atypical hydrophobic Ca-LEAL1 protein is subject to control by diverse environmental factors and that ethylene, in conjunction with ABA, plays an important role in the regulation of the stress gene in hot pepper plants. The possible physiological functions of Ca-LEAL1 as well as other Ca-DI proteins in the adaptive process against drought stress are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 2003 SEP 1653ISI:000184742100004642-647E0)Patil, G. G. Alm, V. Moe, R. Junttila, O.`ZInteraction between phytochrome B and gibberellins in thermoperiodic responses of cucumber@9Journal of the American Society for Horticultural SciencenCucumis sativus, DIF, EOD-FR, hypocotyls, lh mutant, phytochrome B, stem elongation LONG HYPOCOTYL MUTANT; NIGHT TEMPERATURE ALTERNATIONS; CAMPANULA-ISOPHYLLA MORETTI; STEM ELONGATION; LIGHT QUALITY; PISUM-SATIVUM; GROWTHo*#The role of phytochrome in control of stem elongation by daily temperature alternations is unclear. The aim of this work was to study the involvement of phytochrome B in thermoperiodism in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and the interaction with gibberellin (GA). The wild type and the phytochrome B deficient, long-hypocotyl (1h) cucumber mutant were grown under alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) and either with or without an exposure to end-of-day far-red light (EOD-FR). Without EOD-FR, hypocotyl and internodes of the wild type plants were shorter under a low DT (19 degreesC)/high NT (25 degreesC) (negative DIF) compared with a high DT/low NT regime (positive DIF), while the number of leaves was reduced by 12%. EOD-FR enhanced elongation of hypocotyl and internodes. However, EOD-FR reduced the effect of alternating temperature on hypocotyl elongation. The lh cucumber mutant did not respond to EOD-FR treatments, but internode length was slightly increased by positive compared with negative DIF. The results suggest that phytochrome B is required for a maximum effect of daily temperature alternations on stem elongation in cucumber. Additional GA(4) reduced the difference between positive and negative DIF, but it had a minor effect only on the difference between EOD-FR and EOD red light (EOD-R) in the. wild type. Plants depleted for endogenous GA by the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol, did not respond at all to DIF or EOD treatments. When seedlings were treated with prohexadione-calcium, which blocks both biosynthesis and inactivation of GA(4), response to applied GA(4) was enhanced by EOD-FR. The present results suggest that, in cucumber, EOD-FR, and probably also positive DIF, enhances tissue sensitivity to GA(4). In addition, catabolism of GA(4) can be enhanced by negative DIF.k 2003 SEP 1285ISI:000184553400003C902-908lfPershina, L. A. Dobrovolskaya, O. B. Rakovtseva, T. S. Kravtsova, L. A. Shchapova, A. I. Shumny, V. K.The effect of rye chromosomes on callus induction and regeneration in callus cultures of immature embryos of wheat-rye substitution lines, Triticum aestivum L. cultivar Saratovskaya 29-Secale cereale L. cultivar Pnokhoiskaya"Russian Journal of GeneticseleSOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; PLANT-REGENERATION; TISSUE-CULTURES; HORDEUM-VULGARE; GROWTH; SCUTELLUM; GENESnThe effect of individual rye chromosomes on the induction of callus and the character of its regenerating capacity was studied with cultured immature embryos of wheat-rye (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Saratovskaya29- Secale cereale L. cv. Onokhoiskaya) substitution lines. The genotypic diversity of the substitution lines proved to significantly affect variation of parameters characterizing the major types of callus cultures, that is, frequencies of embryogenic calli, which are capable of shoot regeneration, and of morphogenic calli, which produce root structures. Functioning in the genotypic background of common wheat cultivar Saratovskaya 29, chromosomes 2R and 3R of rye cultivar Onokhoiskaya stimulated significantly the induction of embryogenic callus highly capable of shoot regeneration. Rye chromosome 2R present in place of chromosome 2D in the common wheat genome suppressed the induction of callus producing root structures. Rye chromosomes 1R and 6R suppressed the induction of embryogenic callus capable of shoot regeneration. 2003 AUGS398CISI:0001848749000096`565-583E Raghavan, V.RKSome reflections on double fertilization, from its discovery to the presentNew Phytologistf`angiosperm reproduction, double fertilization, gymnosperm reproduction, historical review, in vitro fertilization, maternal effect genes, pollen tube guidance IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; POLLEN-TUBE GUIDANCE; NONFLOWERING SEED PLANT; ZEA-MAYS L; PATERNAL GENE ACTIVITY; MEDEA POLYCOMB GENE; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; MADS-BOX GENES; FLOWERING PLANTS; EMBRYO SAC0*The fusion of one sperm with the egg cell to form the embryo and of the other sperm with the polar fusion nucleus to give rise to the endosperm ('double fertilization') was discovered by Nawaschin in 1898 in the liliaceous plants, Lilium martagon and Fritillaria tenella . The occurrence of two fusion events analogous to double fertilization has recently been described in some gymnosperm species although the product of the second fusion is a transient embryo, rather than the endosperm as in angiosperms. Recent investigations in angiosperms describe the cell biology and nuclear cytology of double fertilization and the successful in vitro demonstration of the two fusion events using isolated egg cells, central cells, and sperm cells and the development of the fusion products into the embryo and endosperm. Molecular and genetic studies on the component elements of double fertilization have focused on the identification of mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that display developmental patterns in the seed that result in autonomous endosperm development and even partial embryogenesis in the absence of fertilization. Characterization of the genes and their protein products has provided evidence for a predominant effect of maternal gametophytic genes and of silencing of paternal genes during double fertilization. 2003 SEP  159t3lISI:000184616400006a 1998-2011B;Rashotte, A. M. Carson, S. D. B. To, J. P. C. Kieber, J. J.>7Expression profiling of cytokinin action in arabidopsisPlant PhysiologyRESPONSE-REGULATOR HOMOLOG; AHK4 HISTIDINE KINASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; INDOLEACETIC-ACID; CELL-DIVISION; THALIANA; FAMILYThe phytohormone cytokinin is an important regulator of plant growth and development, however, relatively few genes that mediate cytokinin responses have been identified. Genome-wide analyses of Arabidopsis seedlings using the approximately 8,3000-element Affymetrix Arabidopsis GeneChips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) to examine cytokinin-responsive genes were conducted, revealing at least 30 genes whose steady-state level of mRNA was elevated and at least 40 that were down-regulated at multiple time points after application of cytokinin. The cytokinin up-regulated genes include the type-A Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs), which had been shown previously to be cytokinin primary response genes, cytokinin oxidase, which encodes an enzyme that degrades cytokinins, and several transcription factors. Cytokinin down-regulated genes include several peroxidases and kinases and an E3 ubiquitin ligase. We identified a common sequence motif enriched in the upstream regions of the most consistently cytokinin up-regulated genes. This motif is highly similar to the optimal DNA-binding sites for ARR1/ARR2, type-B ARRs that have been implicated in the transcriptional elevation of the type-A ARRs. Additionally, genome-wide analyses of cytokinin receptor mutants (wol/cre1) revealed large-scale changes in gene expression, including dawn-regulation of the type-A ARRs and several meristem and cell cycle genes, such as CycD3. Mutations in CRE1 reduced but did not eliminate the effect of cytokinin on gene expression for a subset of cytokinin-responsive genes and had little or no effect on others, suggesting functional redundancy among the cytokinin receptors. 2003 AUG 1324ISI:000184713400028rx 9691-9695Tsuchiya, M. Ross, J.b\Advantages of external periodic events to the evolution of biochemical oscillatory reactionsVOProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaurkTHERMODYNAMIC EFFICIENCY; GENETIC-ALGORITHM; DISSIPATION; GLYCOLYSIS; MODEL; CONSTRAINTS; RESONANCE; SYSTEMi("We compare, by calculations on a simple model of glycolysis, the evolutionary development of oscillatory reaction mechanisms in the presence and absence of external periodic events, such as an oscillatory or constant influx of glucose in an open reaction system. The chosen model has autonomous oscillations for given choices of the parameters of the feedback loops responsible for the oscillations, and for a given range of the total adenylate pool concentration. We change first one, then two of the parameters, so that there are no autonomous oscillations, and then vary these parameters with a genetic algorithm method in which the parameters are represented by binary strings that evolve by selection, crossover, and mutations; the optimization goal is the attainment of a high ATP/ADP concentration ratio in the system. This goal is taken to provide evolutionary advantages and is shown to be achieved more quickly in the presence of external periodic events, rather than constant influx of glucose. The results suggest the possibility of the enhanced evolutionary development of oscillatory biological reactions at shores where waves impinge on rocks and bring nutrients periodically. Measurements have shown that animals and plants grow more rapidly in the presence of such wave action than in its absence. 2003 AUG 19 100y17ISI:000184926000013e 1888-1903&Turmel, M. Otis, C. Lemieux, C.ZThe mitochondrial genome of Chara vulgaris: Insights into the mitochondrial DNA architecture of the last common ancestor of green algae and land plants Plant CellGROUP-I INTRON; TRANSFER-RNA GENES; MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; MARCHANTIA-POLYMORPHA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; CATALYTIC INTRONS; CHLOROPLAST SMALLxrMitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has undergone radical changes during the evolution of green plants, yet little is known about the dynamics of mtDNA evolution in this phylum. Land plant mtDNAs differ from the few green algal mtDNAs that have been analyzed to date by their expanded size, long spacers, and diversity of introns. We have determined the mtDNA sequence of Chara vulgaris (Charophyceae), a green alga belonging to the charophycean order (Charales) that is thought to be the most closely related alga to land plants. This 67,737-bp mtDNA sequence, displaying 68 conserved genes and 27 introns, was compared with those of three angiosperms, the bryophyte Marchantia polymorpha, the charophycean alga Chaetosphaeridium globosum (Coleochaetales), and the green alga Mesostigma viride. Despite important differences in size and intron composition, Chara mtDNA strikingly resembles Marchantia mtDNA; for instance, all except 9 of 68 conserved genes lie within blocks of colinear sequences. Overall, our genome comparisons and phylogenetic analyses provide unequivocal support for a sister-group relationship between the Charales and the land plants. Only four introns in land plant mtDNAs appear to have been inherited vertically from a charalean algar ancestor. We infer that the common ancestor of green algae and land plants harbored a tightly packed, gene-rich, and relatively intron-poor mitochondrial genome. The group II introns in this ancestral genome appear to have spread to new mtDNA sites during the evolution of bryophytes and charalean green algae, accounting for part of the intron diversity found in Chara and land plant mitochondria. 2003 AUG158ISI:000184867100017442-448 BcDNA, floral primordia, Pharbitis nil, PnCOL1, short-day plantXUcell cycle, meristematic potential, flow cytometry, tissue culture, Cocos nucifera L. CELL-DIVISIONCELL-LINEAGE PATTERNSCELLS\VCeratophyllaceae, Ceratophyllum demersum, floral development, floral phyllotaxy, Japan CHAINSN H CHARCOALECHICKEN HEMOGLOBINESlCHLOROPHYLL FORMATIONCHLOROPLAST DNATECHLOROPLAST RELOCATIONMEtCHLOROPLAST SMALL CHLOROPLASTSNCHROMATID SEGREGATION CHROMOSOME 5A CHROMOSOMESONTOchrysanthemum, ethephon, flower bud differentiation, involucre, leaf primordium?PJcircadian rhythm, Japanese persimmon, salt stress, stem and fruit diameteriYCIRCADIAN-RHYTHMy CITRUS-CUCLADISTIC-ANALYSIS ANCLASSIFICATIONYCH CLAVATA1R CLAVATA3 CLEAVAGEE@=CLIMEX, mass rearing, moisture diapause, Mitchell Grass Downs*.$ 1771-1780uleMiyao, A. Tanaka, K. Murata, K. Sawaki, H. Takeda, S. Abe, K. Shinozuka, Y. Onosato, K. Hirochika, H.Target site specificity of the Tos17 retrotransposon shows a preference for insertion within genes and against insertion in retrotransposon-rich regions of the genome Plant CellRNA-POLYMERASE-III; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; ILLEGITIMATE RECOMBINATION; TISSUE-CULTURE; FISSION YEAST; INTEGRATION; DNA; ARABIDOPSIS; SEQUENCE; ACTIVATION  Because retrotransposons are the major component of plant genomes, analysis of the target site selection of retrotransposons is important for understanding the structure and evolution of plant genomes. Here, we examined the target site specificity of the rice retrotransposon Tos17, which can be activated by tissue culture. We have produced 47,196 Tos17-induced insertion mutants of rice. This mutant population carries similar to500,000 insertions. We analyzed >42,000 flanking sequences of newly transposed Tos17 copies from 4316 mutant lines. More than 20,000 unique loci were assigned on the rice genomic sequence. Analysis of these sequences showed that insertion events are three times more frequent in genic regions than in intergenic regions. Consistent with this result, Tos17 was shown to prefer gene-dense regions over centromeric heterochromatin regions. Analysis of insertion target sequences revealed a palindromic consensus sequence, ANGTT-TSD-AACNT, flanking the 5-bp target site duplication. Although insertion targets are distributed throughout the chromosomes, they tend to cluster, and 76% of the clusters are located in genic regions. The mechanisms of target site selection by Tos17, the utility of the mutant lines, and the knockout gene database are discussed.: 2003 AUGl158.ISI:000184867100008498-502uB;Murata, T. Hemmi, H. Nakajima, M. Yoshida, M. Yamaguchi, I.Epitope mapping of gibberellin to the anti-gibberellin A(4) monoclonal antibody by saturation transfer difference NMR spectroscopy:3Biochemical and Biophysical Research CommunicationsiXRgibberellin, antibody, epitope mapping, saturation transfer difference NMR BINDING81Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR spectroscopy is a promising tool for rapid screening, identifying ligands that interact with a target protein, and characterizing the epitopes of the ligands. Gibbrellins (GAs) are a class of plant hormones and form a large family consisting of more than 120 members. A few of them, called "active" GAs, are considered to be perceptible to a receptor that remains unknown. We applied STD NMR spectroscopy to detect the binding activity and identify the binding epitope of gibberellin A(3) (GA(3)) that is recognized by monoclonal antibody 4-B8(8)/E9. This is one of the antibodies that can mimic a GA receptor in the manner of recognition of active GAs. The information on the binding epitope, obtained by STD NMR, was in good agreement with that shown by analyzing the crystal structure of the antibody-GA(4) complex. This suggests that STD NMR spectroscopy would be very useful to characterize the interaction between GAs and such binding proteins as GA-catabolic enzymes and receptors. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 2003 AUG 1 3073ISI:000184509700012444-448 f_Musatenko, L. I. Vedenicheva, N. P. Vasyuk, V. A. Generalova, V. N. Martyn, G. I. Sytnik, K. M.d]Phytohormones in seedlings of maize hybrids differing in their tolerance to high temperatures,*#Russian Journal of Plant Physiology zZea mays, phytohormones, high-temperature stress, tolerance ABSCISIC-ACID; STRESS; PLANTS; ARABIDOPSIS; METABOLISM; LEAVES>7The contents of phytohormones (IAA, ABA, cytokinins, and gibberellin-like.compounds) were measured in shoots and roots of eight-day-old seedlings of two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids differing in their tolerance to elevated temperatures. More tolerant seedlings initially contained more ABA and cytokinins, and the contents of these hormones changed less after a temperature increase than in seedlings of the sensitive hybrid. Hyperthermia induced a destruction of chloroplast lamellar structure in the leaf sheath cells of the sensitive but not of the tolerant hybrid. 2003JUL-AUG504ISI:000184785900003522-526G(!Nanush'yan, E. R. Murashev, V. V.jdInduction of multinuclear cells in the apical meristems of Allium cepa by geomagnetic field outrages*#Russian Journal of Plant PhysiologyAllium cepa, magnetoreception, giant cells, giant nuclei, apical meristems, magnetic field of the Earth, outrages of geomagnetic field, cellular self-regulation, adaptation ROOThbThis paper is a result of a long-term study of the apical meristems of the Allium cepa L. seedlings against a background of naturally changing geomagnetic field. Multinuclear cells, large cells with large nuclei, and giant cells with giant nuclei were detected. Changes in cellular structures were revealed, and the time-course of this process was followed. Changes in the cellular structure of meristems were correlated with the fluctuations of magnetic field of the Earth. The experiments conducted with in vitro culture of apical meristems showed that the observed changes were regulated on the local level. 2003JUL-AUG504ISI:000184785900015 S103-S103jdNiwa, Y. Itoh, N. Moriyasu, Y. Kajiwara, H. Kato, T. Tabata, S. Seki, M. Kobayashi, M. Shinozaki, K.TMAnalysis of leaf development using mutant of plastid protein import machinery Plant and Cell Physiology 200344Suppl. SISI:000181914300406ipbP107-114IRKBuonaccorsi, J. P. Elkinton, J. Koenig, W. Duncan, R. P. Kelly, D. Sork, V.tmMeasuring mast seeding behavior: relationships among population variation, individual variation and synchronyK$Journal of Theoretical Biologycoefficient of variation, seed production, spatial correlation, temporal variation, time series EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY; WIND POLLINATION; VARIABILITY; BENEFITS; PLANTShbMast seeding, or masting, is the variable production of flowers, seeds, or fruit across years more or less synchronously by individuals within a population. A critical issue is the extent to which temporal variation in seed production over a collection of individuals can be viewed as arising from a combination of individual variation and synchrony among individuals. Studies of masting typically quantify such variation in terms of the coefficient of variation (CV). In this paper we examine mathematically how the population CV relates to the mean individual CV and synchrony, concluding that the relationship is a complex one which cannot isolate an overall measure of synchrony, and involves additional factors, principally the number of plants sampled and the mean productivity per plant. Our development suggests some simple approximate relationships of population CV to individual variability, synchrony and the number of individuals. These were found to fit quite well when applied to data from 59 studies which included seed production at the individual level. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. 2003 SEP 70 22441ISI:0001848492000094 1-11&Casacuberta, J. M. Santiago, N.y|uPlant LTR-retrotransposons and MITEs: control of transposition and impact on the evolution of plant genes and genomes Gene transposable element, silencing, stress, transcription REPEAT TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; TOBACCO TNT1 RETROTRANSPOSON; MAIZE WAXY GENE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; DNA METHYLATION; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATION; SEQUENCE VARIABILITY; REGULATORY SEQUENCES; FAMILY HEARTBREAKER; DEFENSE RESPONSESPJTransposons are genetic elements that can move, and sometimes spread, within genomes, and that constitute an important fraction of eukaryote genomes. Two types of transposons, long terminal repeat (LTR)-retrotransposons and miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs), are highly represented in plant genomes, and can account for as much as 50-80% of the total DNA content. In the last few years it has been shown that, in spite of their mutagenic capacity, both LTR-retrotransposons and MITEs can be found associated to genes, suggesting that their activity has influenced the evolution of plant genes. In this review we will summarise recent data on the control of the activity and the impact of both LTR-retrotransposons and MITEs on the evolution of plant genes and genomes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. 2003 JUN 5 311ISI:000184250800001 1435-1441 XRCasamitjana-Martinez, E. Hofhuis, H. F. Xu, J. Liu, C. M. Heidstra, R. Scheres, B.Root-specific CLE19 overexpression and the sol1/2 suppressors implicate a CLV-like pathway in the control of Arabidopsis root meristem maintenanceCurrent Biologyo|vSTEM-CELL FATE; RADIAL ORGANIZATION; CLAVATA1; GENES; SHOOT; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE; SCARECROW; REGULATOR; THALIANA; WUSCHELIn the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem, an organizing center signals in a non-cell-autonomous manner to specify the overlying stem cells [1, 2]. Stem cells express the small, secreted protein CLAVATA3 (CLV3; [3]) that activates the CLV1-CLV2 receptor complex, which negatively controls the size of the organizing center [4-6]. Consistently, CLV3 overexpression restricts shoot meristem size [6]. The root meristem also contains a stem cell organizer, and here we show that localized overexpression in roots of CLE19, encoding a CLV3 homolog, restricts the size of the root meristem. This suggests that CLE19 acts by overactivating an endogenous CLV-like pathway involved in root meristem maintenance. Surprisingly, CLE19 restricts meristem size without directly interfering with organizer and stem cell specification. We isolated mutations in two loci, SOLI and SOL2, which suppress the CLE19 overexpression phenotype. sol2 plants display floral phenotypes reminiscent of clv weak alleles; these phenotypes suggest that components of a CLV pathway are shared in roots and shoots. SOL 1 encodes a putative Zn2+-carboxypeptidase, which may be involved in ligand processing. 2003 AUG 191316ISI:000184895900026 4C Oshima, K. Otis, C. Otoni, W. C. Ottonello, S. Ouellet, T. Oyaert, E.Ozias-Akins, P. PA, ReevesPalaisa, K. A.Palaniswamy, U. R. Palme, K. Palmer, W. A. Pan, J. J. Pang, Y. Z. Panis, B. Park, J. A.Pasternak, T. P.Paszkowski, J. Patel, V. Patil, G. G. Pawar, V. Pawlowski, K. Pearce, G. Perret, X.Pershina, L. A. Pien, S Pierik, R. Pigliucci, M. Pleijel, F.Poethig, R. S.Pontarotti, P.Popelka, J. C. Post, L. S. Praveen, S.Prud'homme, M. P. Przywara, L.Pullman, G. S. Rafalski, A. Raghavan, V.Rakovtseva, T. S.Rashotte, A. M. Rasmussen, J. Raspotnig, G.Rausher, M. D.Reddy, A. S. N. Reddy, M. K.Reeleder, R. D. Reeves, PAReijers, H. A. Reski, R. RG, Olmstead Ribeiro, A. Richter, A. Riggs, C. D.Rigter, J. H. M.Roalson, E. H.Rollins, J. A. Ross, J. Roussis, A. Rudd, S. Ryan, C. A. Ryan, M. G. Rydin, C. Sakai, M. Sakamoto, T. Salamini, F. Sandberg, G. Sandoval, A. Saneoka, H. Santi, C. Santiago, N. Sarhan, F. Sarma, A. Sato, N. Satoh, I. Sawaki, H. Saxena, P. K. Saxton, A. M. Scheer, J. M. Scheid, O. M. Scheres, B.Schlarbaum, S. E.Schneider, J. F. Schrader, J. Schubert, D.Schulman, A. H. Schuster, R. Schwab, M. E. Scopel, A. L.Scortecci, K. C. Scott, K. Seki, M. Sekihara, Y. Selvaraj, G. Semiarti, E. Sentoku, N.Seregelyes, C. Setter, T. L. Sharp, P. A.Shchapova, A. I. Shen, W. Y. Shim, W. B. Shimamoto, K. Shimamoto, Y. Shimizu, A. Shinozaki, K. Shinozuka, Y.Shishikura, F. Shumny, V. K.Siddiqui, N. U. Simon, R. Singh, B. D. Skog, L. E. Slocum, R. D. Smith, B. J.Smith, H. M. S.Smith-Espinoza, C. J. Sobkowiak, R. Sodek, L. Sopory, S. K. Sork, V. Souma, T. Souza, B. M. Spillane, C Staley, T. E. Staub, J. E.Streeter, J. G.Stronghill, P. E. Strzalka, K. Stuart, J. D.Stuermer, C. A. O. Sugiura, H. Suh, S. S.Sullivan, J. A. Sumner, S. Sun, H. Sun, X. F. Sundqvist, C. Suttle, C. A. Suzuki, S. Suzuki, T. Swart, J. C. Swennen, R. Sytnik, K. M. T., Kohchi Tabata, S. Takeda, S. Takemura, M Talon, M. Tanaka, H. Tanaka, K. Tanaka, Y. Tang, K. X. Tani, E Taylor, G. J. Terrazas, T.Thibivilliers, S. Thomas, S. Thseng, F. S.Tikhomirov, A. A.Tjoelker, M. G. To, J. P. C. Tolonen, A. Torres, M. E.Toyama-Kato, Y.Tsuchimoto, S. Tsuchiya, M. Tsukaya, H. Turmel, M. Tuteja, N. Tytgat, J. Ueno, Y. Ueyama, Y. Ugaki, M.Valentine, A. J. Van Borm, S.Van der Aalst, W. M. P.van Labeke, M. C. van Manen, F.Van Winkle, S. C. Vargas, O. Vasyuk, V. A.Vedenicheva, N. P. Venieraki, A. Vepachedu, R.Verdeil, J. L. Verdonck, F.Vermeylen, F. M. Vidal, A. M.Vidyasagar, P. B. Vienne, A. Viprey, V.Visser, E. J. W.Vivanco, J. M.Voesenek, Lacj Voinnet, O. Volckaert, E. von Groll, U. Wakasugi, T. Wang, Q. C. Wang, W. Webb, C. Wei, H.Whitlow, T. H. Williams, M.Williamson, C. L. Wright, S. I. Xia, Q. Xu, J. Yadav, B. S. Yamada, K. Yamaguchi, I. Yamamoto, S. Yang, C. H. Yang, H. Y. Yang, Z. B. Yokota, A Yoshida, K. Yoshida, M. Yuen, G. Y. Zhang, L. Zhang, Q. Zhao, L. X. Zheng, J. G. Zheng, Z. F. Zhou, Q. S. Zhu, S. Y. Zimmer, E. A.Zobayed, S. M. A. Zou, J. T.vR Abe2003 Abe2003 Abe2003 Afsar2003 Agrawal2003 Aivalakis2003 Aleman20030 Alm2003Altpeter2003 Amasino2003 Araki2003Aspeborg20033 Atkin2003 Auguy2003Aukerman2003 Baba20032 Bais2003 Baldwin2003 Ballare2003 Barker2003- Bartels2003 Bauerle2003 Bauerle2003 Ben-Cheikh2003 Bennett2003Bhalerao2003 Bierfreund2003X Blanchoin2003 Bodhipadma2003 Bogusz20030 Brand2003 Breton20033 Broughton2003 Buonaccorsi2003 Bureau20033 Burnell2003 Calamassi2003Callaway20033 Carson20030 Casacuberta2003Casamitjana-Martinez2003 Chabaud2003 Chen2003 Chiurazzi2003 Cho2003 Choi2003 Chou20033 Chujo2003 Chung2003 Chung2003 Clay2003 Cooke2003 Curtis2003 Danyluk2003 Dauk20033de Carvalho-Niebel2003kDe Kroon2003 Deakin2003 Debergh2003 Decker20032 Deng20032 Dengler2003 Dharmasiri2003X Dharmasiri2003X Dimou2003 Dobrovolskaya2003 Drouet2003; Duncan20030 Dunkle2003 Eiguchi2003Elkinton20030Eriksson20030 Estelle2003 Falusi2003m Fedak2003 Flemetakis2003 Fokina20030 Fowler20033 Franche2003 Friis2003 Fujii2003  Fujita2003 Furtado2003 Furuhashi2003Garcia-Martinez2003 Generalova20033 Gilroy20030 Golinowski2003XGolovkin2003Gonzalez2003Goodrich2003 Goto20030 Gottlieb2003 Grossniklaus2003wGruissem2003 Grunewald2003 Hake20033 Han2003 Hasenkampf2003 He2003s Heemers2003Heidstra2003a Hemmi2003 Hennig2003 Henry2003 Hertzberg2003 Hiratsu2003 Hirochika2003 Hirochika2003 Hobe2003 Hocher20030 Hoecker2003 Hofhuis2003 Hong20033 Hong20033 Hsu2003 Huang2003 Hunter2003 Hwang2003Ichinoki20030 Imai20030 Infante2003Ishiyama2003 Israelsson2003 Itoh2003 Itoh2003 Iwahori2003 Iwakawa2003 Iwamoto2003 Izaguirre2003 Izawa2003 Johnson2003 Jones2003Junttila2003 Kai2003Kajiwara2003Kanazawa2003 Kane20030 Katinakis2003 Kato20032 Kato20030 Katsumata2003 Kavroulakis2003 Kayano20030 Kelly2003 Kelly2003 Kieber20030 Kim2003 Kim2003 Kim2003 Kim2003 Kitani2003 Kitano20033 Kobayashi2003 Kobayashi2003 Kobayashi2003 Koenig20030 Kohchi20030 Kohler2003 Kojima20030 Komatsu2003 Kondo2003 Kopcinska2003 Kosugi2003; Kravtsova2003Krishnan20030 Kurata20030 Kuroda2003 Kyozuka2003 Kyozuka2003 Laubinger2003 Lee2003 Lee2003 Lemieux2003 Leung2003 Li20030 Li2003 Li2003m Liao20033 Limin2003 Liu2003 Liu2003 Lord2003  Lu2003 Machida2003 Machida2003 Maeng2003 Maliga2003 Marie2003 Martyn20032Matsuoka20033 May2003 Mayama2003 Meech2003Michaels2003 Michelmore2003X Miyao2003 Miyao2003 Miyoshi2003 Moe2003 Mohr20033 Moon2003Morgante2003Morikami2003Morinaka2003 Moritz20033Moriyasu2003 Muller2003Murashev20030 Murata2003 Murata2003 Musatenko2003 Nakabayashi2003Nakajima2003Nakamura2003 Nanush'yan2003 Nemoto20030 Nilsson2003Nitasaka2003 Niwa2003Nonomura2003 Ohashi2003; Ohba20030 Ohme-Takagi2003 Ohtsubo2003 Okano2003 Olmstead2003 Ono2003 Onosato2003 Otis20030 Ouellet2003 Oyaert20033 Palaisa2003 Palme2003 Pan2003 Pang20033 Park2003 Paszkowski2003 Patil2003 Pawlowski2003 Pearce2003 Perret20030Pershina2003 Pien20032 Pierik2003 Pigliucci2003 Pigliucci2003 Poethig2003 Popelka2003Rafalski2003Raghavan2003 Rakovtseva20030Rashotte2003 Rausher2003 Reddy2003  Reeves2003 Reski2003 Ribeiro2003 Richter2003 Riggs2003 Roalson2003 Rollins2003 Ross20032 Roussis2003 Rudd2003 Ryan20030 Rydin2003 Sakai2003Sakamoto2003Salamini2003aSandberg2003Sandoval2003 Santi2003Santiago20030 Sarhan20033 Sato2003 Sawaki2003 Scheer2003 Scheid2003 Scheres2003Schrader2003Schubert2003 Scopel20030 Scortecci2003 Scott2003 Seki20030Sekihara2003Selvaraj2003Semiarti2003 Sentoku2003 Setter20033 Shchapova2003 Shen20033 Shim2003 Shimamoto2003 Shimamoto2003 Shimizu2003 Shinozaki2003 Shinozuka2003 Shumny20030Siddiqui2003 Simon2003 Skog20030 Smith2003Smith-Espinoza2003 Sork20033 Souma2003Spillane2003 Staley2003m Staub2003Streeter2003 Stronghill2003 Suh2003Sullivan2003 Sun2003 Sun2003 Suzuki2003 Suzuki20033 Suzuki2003 Sytnik20032 Tabata20030 Takeda2003 Takemura2003 Talon2003 Tanaka20030 Tanaka20030 Tanaka2003 Tang20033 Tani20032 Thseng20030Tjoelker2003 To20032 Toyama-Kato2003 Tsuchimoto2003Tsuchiya2003 Tsukaya2003 Turmel2003m Ueno20032 Ueyama2003 van Labeke2003d Vasyuk2003 Vedenicheva2003 Venieraki2003 Vepachedu2003 Verdeil2003 Vermeylen2003 Vidal2003 Viprey2003 Visser2003 Vivanco2003Voesenek2003 Voinnet2003 Volckaert2003 von Groll2003Wakasugi20033 Whitlow2003Williams2003 Wright2003 Xia2003 Xu2003 Yamada20030 Yamaguchi2003Yamamoto2003 Yang2003 Yang20033 Yokota20030 Yoshida2003 Yoshida2003 Zhang2003 Zhao20033 Zheng2003 Zheng2003 Zimmer20033 Zou2003n 1229-1234>7Pierik, R. Visser, E. J. W. De Kroon, H. Voesenek, LacjXQEthylene is required in tobacco to successfully compete with proximate neighbours Plant Cell and Environment:4Nicotiana tabacum, competition, ethylene-insensitivity, leaf angle, neighbour signalling, phytochrome, red/far-red ratio, shade avoidance, stem elongation ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY HYPOTHESIS; STEM ELONGATION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PHYTOCHROME-B; PLANT; RESPONSES; LIGHT; PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS; ARABIDOPSIS; PERCEPTIONF?Plants sense neighbours even before these cause a decrease in photosynthetic light availability. Light reflected by proximate neighbours signals a plant to adjust growth and development, in order to avoid suppression by neighbour plants. These phenotypic changes are known as the shade-avoidance syndrome and include enhanced shoot elongation and more upright-positioned leaves. In the present study it was shown that these shade-avoidance traits in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) are also induced by low concentrations of ethylene. Furthermore, it was shown that transgenic plants, insensitive to ethylene, have a delayed appearance of shade-avoidance traits. The increase in both leaf angles and stem elongation in response to neighbours are delayed in ethylene-insensitive plants. These data show that ethylene is an important component in the regulation of neighbour-induced, shade-avoidance responses. Consequently, ethylene-insensitive plants lose competition with wild-type neighbours, demonstrating that sensing of ethylene is required for a plant to successfully compete for light. 2003 AUG268ISI:000184821900005 1700-1712 Pigliucci, M.`ZSelection in a model system: Ecological genetics of flowering time in Arabidopsis thalianaEcologyArabidopsis, genetic architecture, life history evolution, model organisms, selection QUANTITATIVE-TRAIT LOCI; NATURAL-SELECTION; REACTION NORMS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; PHENOTYPIC INTEGRATION; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; INDUCED MUTATIONS; PHYTOCHROME B; PATH-ANALYSIS; INBRED LINESCArabidopsis thaliana and some of its close allies have been a model system for genetics, developmental biology, and molecular biology for some time. More recently, they have been adopted by an increasing number of laboratories involved in evolutionary ecological research. In this paper, I illustrate some of the methods and advantages concerning the use of Arabidopsis to study selection and the constraints imposed on it by the genetic architecture underlying morphological and life history traits. Populations of A. thaliana and closely related species show a wider ecological,variance than had been suspected, and it is increasingly clear that even such a relatively simple organism presents endless challenges to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. The study of the evolution of life history traits in this group also provides us with an invaluable opportunity to advance our search for ways to integrate biological knowledge at the organismal and molecular levels. At,the same time, these efforts also yield a better understanding of the type of research that can be carried out independently at these two levels of the biological hierarchy.e 2003 JULb847aISI:000184840900007gabiotic stresses, atypical LEA-like protein, DD-PCR, ethyl 1585-1591Pan, J. J. Clay, K.rlInfection by the systemic fungus Epichloe glyceriae alters clonal growth of its grass host, Glyceria striataNGProceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciencesh clonal growth patterns, plant-pathogen interactions, endophyte infection of grasses PARASITE-INDUCED CHANGES; PHYSIOLOGICAL INTEGRATION; USTILAGO-STRIIFORMIS; INSECT REPRODUCTION; UROCYSTIS-AGROPYRI; FLORAL MIMICRY; PLANT PATHOGEN; SALT-MARSH; BEHAVIOR; MANIPULATION~wParasites and pathogens are hypothesized to change host growth, reproduction and/or behaviour to increase their own transmission. However, studies which clearly demonstrate that parasites or pathogens are directly responsible for changes in hosts are lacking. We previously found that infection by the systemic fungus Epichloe glyceriae was associated with greater clonal growth by its host, Glyceria striata. Whether greater clonal growth resulted directly from pathogen infection or indirectly from increased likelihood of infection for host genotypes with greater clonal growth could not be determined because only naturally infected and uninfected plants were used. In this study, we decoupled infection and host genotype to evaluate the role of pathogen infection on host development and clonal growth. We found that total biomass production did not differ for clones of the same genotype, but infected clones allocated more biomass to clonal growth. Disinfected clones had more tillers and a greater proportion of their biomass in the mother ramet. Infected clones produced fewer tillers but significantly more and longer stolons than disinfected clones. These results support the hypothesis that pathogen infection directly alters host development. Parasite alteration of clonal growth patterns might be advantageous to the persistence and spread of host plants in some ecological conditions. 2003 AUG 7e 270 1524ISI:000184689100007| 1131-1143 Kelly, W. J. Cooke, T. J.VOGeometrical relationships specifying the phyllotactic pattern of aquatic plants American Journal of Botanyaquatic plants, geometrical model, phyllotaxis, shoot apical meristem SELF-ORGANIZING PROCESS; APICAL MERISTEM; SHOOT ORGANIZATION; VEGETATIVE SHOOT; RICE; ARABIDOPSIS; INITIATION; MECHANISM; GENESIS; MUTANTSThe complete range of various phyllotaxes exemplified in aquatic plants provide an opportunity to characterize the fundamental geometrical relationships operating in leaf patterning. A new polar-coordinate model was used to characterize the correlation between the shapes of shoot meristems and the arrangements of young leaf primordia arising on those meristems. In aquatic plants, the primary geometrical relationship specifying spiral vs. whorled phyllotaxis is primordial position: primordia arising on the apical dome (as defined by displacement angles thetaless than or equal to90degrees during maximal phase) are often positioned in spiral patterns, whereas primordia arising on the subtending axis (as defined by displacement angles of thetagreater than or equal to90degrees during maximal phase) are arranged in whorled patterns. A secondary geometrical relationship derived from the literature shows an inverse correlation between the primordial size : available space ratio and the magnitude of the Fibonacci numbers in spiral phyllotaxis or the number of leaves per whorl in whorled phyllotaxis. The data available for terrestrial plants suggest that their phyllotactic patterning may also be specified by these same geometrical relationships. Major exceptions to these correlations are attributable to persistent embryonic patterning, leaflike structures arising from stipules, congenital splitting of young primordia, and/or non-uniform elongating of internodes. The geometrical analysis described in this paper provides the morphological context for interpreting the phenotypes of phyllotaxis mutants and for constructing realistic models of the underlying mechanisms responsible for generating phyllotactic patterns. 2003 AUG908ISI:000184833300004 1879-188760Kim, S. J. Moon, J. Lee, I. Maeng, J. Kim, S. R.d]Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a CONSTANS homologue, PnCOL1, from Pharbitis nil$Journal of Experimental BotanycDNA, floral primordia, Pharbitis nil, PnCOL1, short-day plant DISRUPTS CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; CLOCK-CONTROLLED GENE; ARABIDOPSIS; PROTEIN; ENCODES; PLANTS; PHOTOPERIODISM; SENSITIVITY; REGULATOR; GIGANTEAhThe Arabidopsis CONSTANS (CO) gene is a key regulator of the long day (LD)-dependent flowering pathway and two CO homologous genes COL1 and COL2 are involved in the regulation of the circadian rhythm. In order to understand the role of CO and COL in short-day plants, a CO homologue, PnCOL1, was isolated and characterized from Japanese morning glory (Pharbitis nil). The deduced PnCOL1 protein of 386 amino acid residues contained two putative zinc finger motifs at the N-terminal region and a conserved CCT domain at the C-terminal region. The deduced amino acid sequence of PnCOL1 was 34% identical to that of PnCO, but 32%, 34%, and 34% identical to those of CO, COL1, and COL2, respectively. Expression of PnCOL1 was barely detected in the cotyledons of plants grown under continuous light (CL), but highly expressed in the cotyledons of plants grown under SD. Expression of PnCOL1 showed a pattern of circadian rhythm as well as daily oscillation. The overexpression of PnCOL1 by a 35S promoter did not overcome the late-flowering phenotype of Arabidopsis co mutants. The results provided in this study suggest that PnCOL1 may have a role in the circadian rhythm in Pharbitis nil. 2003 AUGo54 389ISI:000184715000009  S147-S1474-Kitani, S. Goto, K. Shimamoto, K. Kyozuka, J.JDScreening for proteins concerned with flowering from apical meristem Plant and Cell Physiology 200344Suppl. SISI:000181914300583eJCKohler, C Hennig, L Spillane, C Pien, S Gruissem, W Grossniklaus, U  2003xrThe Polycomb-group protein MEDEA regulates seed development by controlling expression of the MADS-box gene PHERES1 Genes Dev.17121540-53 Jun 15The Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins MEDEA, FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT ENDOSPERM, and FERTILIZATION INDEPENDENT SEED2 regulate seed development in Arabidopsis by controlling embryo and endosperm proliferation. All three of these FIS-class proteins are likely subunits of a multiprotein PcG complex, which epigenetically regulates downstream target genes that were previously unknown. Here we show that the MADS-box gene PHERES1 (PHE1) is commonly deregulated in the fis-class mutants. PHE1 belongs to the evolutionarily ancient type I class of MADS-box proteins that have not yet been assigned any function in plants. Both MEDEA and FIE directly associate with the promoter region of PHE1, suggesting that PHE1 expression is epigenetically regulated by PcG proteins. PHE1 is expressed transiently after fertilization in both the embryo and the endosperm; however, it remains up-regulated in the fis mutants, consistent with the proposed function of the FIS genes as transcriptional repressors. Reduced expression levels of PHE1 in medea mutant seeds can suppress medea seed abortion, indicating a key role of PHE1 repression in seed development. PHE1 expression in a hypomethylated medea mutant background resembles the wild-type expression pattern and is associated with rescue of the medea seed-abortion phenotype. In summary, our results demonstrate that seed abortion in the medea mutant is largely mediated by deregulated expression of the type I MADS-box gene PHE1.o 2012-2022Kosugi, S. Ohashi, Y.rConstitutive E2F expression in tobacco plants exhibits altered cell cycle control and morphological change in a cell type-specific mannerPlant PhysiologyS-PHASE ENTRY; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; ARABIDOPSIS TRICHOMES; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; DNA-REPLICATION; BINDING-PROTEIN; GENE; FAMILY; PROLIFERATION; APOPTOSIStThe E2F family plays a pivotal role in cell cycle control and is conserved among plants and animals, but not in fungi. This provides for the possibility that the E2F family was integrated during the development of higher organisms, but little is known about this. We examined the effect of E2F ectopically expressed in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants on, with and development using E2Fa (AtE2F3) and DPa from Arabidopsis. E2Fa-DPa double transgenic lines exhibited growth altered phenotypes with curled leaves, round shaped petals, and shortened pistils. In mature but not immature leaves of the double transgenic lines, there were enlarged nuclei with increasing ploidy levels accompanied by the ectopic expression of S phase- but not M phase-specific genes. This indicates that a high expression of E2F promotes endoreduplication by accelerating S phase entry in terminally differentiated cells with limited mitotic activity. Furthermore, mature leaves of the transgenic plants contained increased numbers of small cells, especially on the palisade (adaxial) side of the outer region toward the edge, and the leaf strips exhibited hormone-independent callus formation when cultured in vitro. These observations suggest that an enhanced E2F activity modulates cell cycle in a cell type-specific manner and affects plant morphology depending on a balance between activities for committing to S phase and M phase, which likely differ between organs or tissues.b 2003 AUGa 132n4oISI:000184713400029t4 1897-1903.'Wright, S. I. Agrawal, N. Bureau, T. E.rlEffects of recombination rate and gene density on transposable element distributions in Arabidopsis thalianaGenome ResearchcDROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; RETROTRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; ECTOPIC RECOMBINATION; MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION; GENOME EVOLUTION; COPY NUMBER; DNA; POPULATION; SELECTIONtmTransposable elements (TEs) comprise a major component of eukaryotic genomes, and exhibit striking deviations from random distribution across the genomes studied, including humans, flies, nematodes, and plants. Although considerable progress has been made in documenting these patterns, the causes are subject to debate. Here, we use the genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana to test for the importance of competing models of natural selection against TE insertions. We show that, despite TE accumulation near the centromeres, recombination does not generally correlate with TE abundance, suggesting that selection against ectopic recombination does not influence TE distribution in A. thaliana. In contrast, a consistent negative correlation between gene density and TE abundance, and a strong under-representation of TE insertions in introns suggest that selection against TE disruption of gene expression is playing a more important role in A. thaliana. High rates of self-fertilization may reduce the importance of recombination rate in genome structuring in inbreeding organisms such as A. thaliana and Caenorhabditis elegans. 2003 AUG138.ISI:000184530900012 S121-S121,%Yoshida, K. Toyama-Kato, Y. Kondo, T. <6Blue flower color development of Hydrangea macrophylla Plant and Cell Physiology 200344Suppl. SISI:000181914300481 1872-1887SHAZheng, Z. F. Xia, Q. Dauk, M. Shen, W. Y. Selvaraj, G. Zou, J. T.Arabidopsis AtGPAT1, a member of the membrane-bound glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gene family, is essential for tapetum differentiation and male fertilityp Plant CellPROGRAMMED-CELL-DEATH; SAFFLOWER CARTHAMUS-TINCTORIUS; CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; SN-GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE; BRASSICA-NAPUS; DIACYLGLYCEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; ACYL-COA; MICROSOMAL PREPARATIONS; GLYCEROL 3-PHOSPHATE; LIPID-COMPOSITION>8Membrane-bound glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT; EC 2.3.1.15) mediates the initial step of glycerolipid biosynthesis in the extraplastidic compartments of plant cells. Here, we report the molecular characterization of a novel GPAT gene family from Arabidopsis, designated AtGPAT. The corresponding polypeptides possess transmembrane domains and GPAT activity when expressed heterologously in a yeast lipid mutant. The functional significance of one isoform, AtGPAT1, is the focus of the present study. Disruption of the AtGPAT1 gene causes a massive pollen development arrest, and subsequent introduction of the gene into the mutant plant rescues the phenotype, illustrating a pivotal role for AtGPAT1 in pollen development. Microscopic examinations revealed that the gene lesion results in a perturbed degeneration of the tapetum, which is associated with altered endoplasmic reticulum profiles and reduced secretion. In addition to the sporophytic effect, AtGPAT1 also exerts a gametophytic effect on pollen performance, as the competitive ability of a pollen grain to pollinate is dependent on the presence of an AtGPAT1 gene. Deficiency in AtGPAT1 correlates with several fatty acid composition changes in flower tissues and seeds. Unexpectedly, however, a loss of AtGPAT1 causes no significant change in seed oil content. 2003 AUG158ISI:000184867100016< 86-89 Kuroda, H. Maliga, P.HBThe plastid clpP1 protease gene is essential for plant development NatureARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; TOBACCO; TRANSFORMATION; GENOME; RNA; RECOMBINATION; CHLOROPLASTS; MUTAGENESISiPlastids of higher plants are semi-autonomous cellular organelles that have their own genome and transcription-translation machinery(1). Examples of plastid functions are photosynthesis and biosynthesis of starch, amino acids, lipids and pigments(2). Plastid functions are encoded in similar to120 plastid genes(1) and similar to3,000 nuclear genes(2,3). Although many embryo and seedling lethal nuclear genes are required for chloroplast biogenesis(4-6), until now deletion of plastid genes either had no phenotypic consequence (8 genes), or caused a mutant phenotype but did not affect viability (13 genes)(7-10). Here we identify an essential plastid gene. By using the CRE-lox site-specific recombination system(11,12) we have deleted clpP1 (caseinolytic protease P1), one of the three genes (clpP1, ycf1 and ycf2) whose disruption had previously only been possible in a fraction of the 1,000-10,000 plastid genome copies in a cell(7,13). Loss of the clpP1 gene product, the ClpP1 protease subunit(14), results in ablation of the shoot system of tobacco plants, suggesting that ClpP1-mediated protein degradation is essential for shoot development. 2003 SEP 4 425 6953ISI:000185089200043373-385 Laubinger, S. Hoecker, U.RLThe SPA1-like proteins SPA3 and SPA4 repress photomorphogenesis in the light Plant JournalArabidopsis, photomorphogenesis, light signal transduction, phytochrome, SPA1 A SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PHYTOCHROME-A; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; COP/DET/FUS PROTEINS; COP1; GROWTH; TRANSFORMATION; CRYPTOCHROME-1; EXPRESSION; INHIBITIONB;Suppressor of phyA-105 (SPA1) is a phytochrome A-specific signaling intermediate that acts as a light-dependent repressor of photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis seedlings. SPA1 is part of a small gene family comprising three genes: SPA1-related 2 (SPA2), SPA1-related 3 (SPA3), and SPA1-related 4 (SPA4). Here, we investigate the functions of SPA3 and SPA4, two very closely related genes coding for proteins with 74% identical amino acids. Seedlings with mutations in SPA3 or SPA4 exhibit enhanced photomorphogenesis in the light, but show no phenotype in darkness. While there are small differences between the effects of spa3 and spa4 mutations, it is apparent that SPA3 and SPA4 function to inhibit light responses in continuous far-red, red, and blue light. Phytochrome A is necessary for all aspects of the spa4 mutant phenotype, suggesting that SPA4, like SPA1, acts specifically in phytochrome A signaling. Enhanced photoresponsiveness of spa3 mutants is also fully dependent on phytochrome A in far-red and blue light, but not in red light. Hence, SPA3 function in red light may be dependent on other phytochromes in addition to phytochrome A. Using yeast two-hybrid and in vitro interaction assays, we further show that SPA3 as well as SPA4 can physically interact with the constitutive repressor of light signaling COP1. Deletion analyses suggest that SPA3 and SPA4, like SPA1, bind to the coiled-coil domain of COP1. Taken together, our results have identified two new loci coding for negative regulators that may be involved in fine tuning of light responses by interacting with COP1. 2003 AUG353ISI:000184467900009 1913-1924Li, J. J. Chen, X. M.voPAUSED, a putative exportin-t, acts pleiotropically in Arabidopsis development but is dispensable for viabilityPlant PhysiologyFLORAL HOMEOTIC GENE; RNA-BINDING-PROTEINS; NUCLEAR EXPORT; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC TRANSPORT; FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; MERISTEM IDENTITY; MESSENGER-RNA; PHASE-CHANGE; THALIANAn|uExportin-t was first identified in humans as a protein that mediates the export of tRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Mutations in Los1p, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae exportin-t homolog, result in nuclear accumulation of tRNAs. Because no exportin-t mutants have been reported in multicellular organisms, the developmental functions of exportin-t have not been determined. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of two Arabidopsis exportin-t mutants, paused-5 and paused-6. The mutant phenotypes indicate that exportin-t acts pleiotropically in plant development. In particular, paused-5 and paused-6 result in delayed leaf formation during vegetative development. The two paused mutations also cause the transformation of reproductive organs into perianth organs in the hua1-1 hua2-1 background, which is partially defective in reproductive organ identity specification. The floral phenotypes of hua1-1 hua2-1 paused mutants resemble those of mutations in the floral homeotic gene AGAMOUS. Moreover, paused-5 enhances the mutant phenotypes of two floral meristem identity genes, LEAFY and APETALA1. The developmental defects caused by paused mutations confirm the important roles of exportin-t in gene expression in multicellular organisms. In addition, a paused null allele, paused-6, is still viable, suggesting the presence of redundant tRNA export pathway(s) in Arabidopsis. 2003 AUGu 132w4nISI:000184713400020mODYNAMIC EFFICIENCYZp()iY?Z %iY$`kY PWQ [?GENETIC-ALGORITHMICIENCYZp(603-611A Suzuki, S. Burnell, J. N.tThe pck1 promoter from Urochloa panicoides (a C-4 plant) directs expression differently in rice (a C-3 plant) and maize (a C-4 plant) Plant ScienceiC-4, PCK, photosynthetic genes, transgenic rice, promoter, Urochloa panicoides LIGHT-REGULATED EXPRESSION; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYKINASE; BUNDLE-SHEATH; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; ORTHOPHOSPHATE DIKINASE; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; C4 PLANT; C3 PLANT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; EVOLUTIONA chimeric Lyme using beta-glucuronidase (GUS) as a reporter gene under the control of a 1.3 kb 5'-flanking region of pck1 (involved in C-4 photosynthesis in Urochloa panicoides) was introduced into rice and maize. GUS activity was detected in leaf blades, leaf sheaths and roots of transgenic rice plants and was detected at high levels in leaf blades and at low levels in leaf sheaths and roots of transaenic maize plants. The pck1 promoter drove the expression of GUS activity in transgenic maize following 6 h of illumination. In contrast, GUS activity was not induced in transgenic rice even after 24 h illumination. Histochemical analysis revealed that GUS staining was localized to bundle sheath cells and vascular bundles of both rice and maize transformants and GUS activity in bundle sheath cells of transgenic maize was induced by light. These results suggest that the 1.3 kb pck1 promoter contains cis-acting elements for preferential and abundant expression in bundle sheath cells of the leaf blade with light dependence in maize but rice lacks some trans-acting elements required for the expression controlled by pck1. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 2003 SEPf 165 3 ISI:000184742100018e< P540-551  Staley, T. E.xrInitial white clover nodulation under saturation levels of rhizobia relative to low-level liming of an acidic soil Soil ScienceTrifolium repens L., Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii, GUS, soil pH, calcium, roots LOW PH; SOLUTION CULTURE; NODULE FORMATION; MEDICAGO-SATIVA; MODEL SYSTEM; GENES; EXPRESSION; MELILOTI; CALCIUM; INFECTION Improved symbiosis establishment between effective rhizobia and forage legumes is often important for maximizing sward yields, particularly when seeding is done on acidic, low-fertility soils. New information regarding the earliest events in this process could provide insights into the development of germplasm, both plant and bacterial, better adapted to such soils. A recently developed plate model system containing a narrow range of limed (pH 4.71-4.99), nonsterile soils (see article by Staley in Soil Science 167, pp. 211-221) was employed to investigate initial nodulation of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedlings. Our objectives were to further evaluate nodulation assessment methodology (staining and nodule stage), distinguish between soil pH-induced plant and rhizobia limitations on nodulation by employing (daily) saturation inoculation, and determine if previously observed nodulation reduction by low pH soil was a consequence of inhibition of symbiosis establishment or nodule maturation by utilizing a gusA-marked mutant of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. Over the course of all experiments in all soils, rhizobial MPN populations never declined below 1.3 X 10(4) CFU g(-1) dry soil. Significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) nodulation responses to soil pH increase were found for both the wildtype (gus(-)) and the mutant (gus(+)) stains, whether assessed using unstained (fresh) or stained (methylene blue or GUS) roots. The pattern of gusA nodule ontogeny under saturation levels of rhizobia, relative to soil pH, suggests that inhibition of symbiosis establishment (cellular effects), rather than differences in nodule maturation (tissue effects), is the explanation for our observed soil pH effects on nodulation. Re-investigation of root responses revealed small but significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) differences, due to soil pH, primarily for lateral roots. Taken together, these results corroborate our previous, wildtype rhizobia findings of a positive effect of soil lowlevel liming (only 0.25 pH increase) on nodulation and extend them to earlier times (4-6 DAP) in symbiosis establishment, but they refute our previous finding of no root growth and developmental effects. More importantly, they suggest that nodulation reduction in the lower pH soils of our model system was caused by disruption of rhizobia function (but not viable populations) or root hair growth and/or function. 2003 AUGn 168t8iISI:000184816900002, 1199-1204Streeter, J. G.F?Effects of drought on nitrogen fixation in soybean root nodules Plant Cell and EnvironmentGlycine max (L.)Merr., Bradyrhizobium japonicum, bacteroid carbon supply, nitrogenase BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM BACTEROIDS; WATER-STRESS; ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES; SUCROSE SYNTHASE; VICIA-FABA; PLANTS; ACCUMULATION; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; METABOLISMJCSoybean plants [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] were grown in silica sand and were drought stressed for a 4week period during reproductive development and without any mineral N supply in order to maximize demand for fixed nitrogen. A strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum that forms large quantities of polysaccharide in nodules was used to determine whether or not the supply of reduced carbon to bacteroids limits nitrogenase activity. A depression of 30-40% in nitrogen content in leaves and pods of stressed plants indicated a marked decline in nitrogen fixation activity during the drought period. A 50% increase in the accumulation of bacterial polysaccharide in nodules accompanied this major decrease in nitrogen fixation activity and this result indicates that the negative impact of drought on nodules was not due to a depression of carbon supply to bacteroids. The drought treatment resulted in a statistically significant increase in N concentration in leaves and pods. Because N concentration and chlorophyll concentration in leaves were not depressed, there was no evidence of nitrogen deficiency in drought-stressed plants, and this result indicates that the negative impact of drought on nodule function was not the cause of the depression of shoot growth. At the end of the drought period, the concentration of carbohydrates, amino nitrogen, and ureides was significantly increased in nodules on drought-stressed plants. The overall results support the view that, under drought conditions, nitrogen fixation activity in nodules was depressed because demand for fixed N to support growth was lower. 2003 AUG268ISI:000184821900002836-843$Suh, S. S. Choi, K. R. Lee, I.B;Revisiting phase transition during flowering in Arabidopsis Plant and Cell Physiologyflowering, inflorescence phase, paraclade differentiation, phase transition MADS DOMAIN PROTEIN; INFLORESCENCE DEVELOPMENT; HOMEOTIC GENE; WILD-TYPE; THALIANA; TIME; VERNALIZATION; LOCUS; PLANTS; SHOOTftnSingle-phase transition during flowering has been suggested by Hempel and Feldman (1994) [Planta 192: 276]. When early flowering ecotypes of Arabidopsis were microscopically observed, a long day signal simultaneously induced the acropetal (bottom to top) production of flower primordia and the basipetal (top to bottom) differentiation of paraclades (axillary flowering shoots) from the axils of pre-existing leaf primordia. However, this model could not account for the production of an extra number of secondary shoots in the TERMINAL FLOWER 1 overexpressor line or AGL20 overexpressor line in Columbia background with a functional allele of FRIGIDA. We report here that Columbia with a functional allele of FRIGIDA under long days and Columbia under short days show an inflorescence producing phase between the vegetative and the flower-producing phases, supporting two-step phase transition during flowering. In addition, a late-flowering mutant, fwa shows an inflorescence phase but fca, fy and fve follow a single-phase transition, suggesting flowering time mutations have different effects on phase transition during flowering. 2003 AUG448ISI:000184936600007289-297 "Sullivan, J. A. Deng, X. W.NHFrom seed to seed: the role of photoreceptors in Arabidopsis developmentDevelopmental Biologylight, phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin, Arabidopsis BLUE-LIGHT RECEPTORS; SHADE-AVOIDANCE SYNDROME; PHYTOCHROME-A; HIGHER-PLANTS; CHLOROPLAST RELOCATION; COP9 SIGNALOSOME; FLOWERING TIME; GENE-EXPRESSION; PROTEIN-KINASE; DNA PHOTOLYASEf_As sessile organisms, plants have evolved a multitude of developmental responses to cope with the ever-changing environmental conditions that challenge the plant throughout its life cycle. Of the many environmental cues that regulate plant development, light is probably the most important. From determining the developmental pattern of the emerging seedling, to influencing the organization of organelles to best maximize energy available for photosynthesis, light has dramatic effects on development during all stages of plant life. In plants, three classes of photoreceptors that mediate light perception have been characterized at the molecular level. The phytochromes recognize light in the red portion of the spectrum, while cryptochromes and phototropins perceive blue and UVA light. In this review, we discuss the different aspects of development that are regulated by these photoreceptors in the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana and how the phytochromes, cryptochromes, and phototropins bring about changes in development seen in the growing plant. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. 2003 AUG 15 260 2OISI:000184946000001 S132-S132*$Suzuki, T. Nakamura, K. Morikami, A.lfAnalysis of proteins that interact with TONSOKU of Arabidopsis thaliana required for meristem function Plant and Cell Physiology1 200344Suppl. SISI:000181914300524dopsis thaliana, flower development, flowering time, MADS box genes, orchid, Oncidium Gower RamseyZ % iY$`kY 716-723 .(Han, F. P. Fedak, G. Ouellet, T. Liu, B.f_Rapid genomic changes in interspecific and intergeneric hybrids and allopolyploids of Triticeae Genomeallopolyploidy, genome evolution, ESTs, retrotransposons, DNA methylation NEWLY SYNTHESIZED AMPHIPLOIDS; DNA-SEQUENCES; ARABIDOPSIS ALLOTETRAPLOIDS; POLYPLOID EVOLUTION; WHEAT; METHYLATION; AEGILOPS; BRASSICA; ELIMINATION; PLANTSL4.Allopolyploidy is preponderant in plants, which often leads to speciation. Some recent studies indicate that the process of wide hybridization and (or) genome doubling may induce rapid and extensive genetic and epigenetic changes in some plant species and genomic stasis in others. To further study this phenomenon, we analyzed three sets of synthetic allopolyploids in the Triticeae by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using a set of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and retrotransposons as probes. It was found that 40-64.7% of the ESTs detected genomic changes in the three sets of allopolyploids. Changes included disappearance of parental hybridization fragment(s), simultaneous appearance of novel fragment(s) and loss of parental fragment(s), and appearance of novel fragment(s). Some of the changes occurred as early as in the F, hybrid, whereas others occurred only after allopolyploid formation. Probing with retrotransposons revealed numerous examples of disappearance of sequences. No gross chromosome structural changes or physical elimination of sequences were found. It is suggested that DNA methylation and localized recombination at the DNA level were probably the main causes for the genomic changes. Possible implications of the genomic changes for allopolyploid genome evolution are discussed. 2003 AUGn4640ISI:000184755300019 25-31;,&Sandoval, A. Hocher, V. Verdeil, J. L.xrFlow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle in different coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.) tissues cultured in vitroPlant Cell Reportscell cycle, meristematic potential, flow cytometry, tissue culture, Cocos nucifera L. NUCLEAR-DNA CONTENT; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; LEAF EXPLANTS; PLANT-CELLS; REGENERATION; DIVISION; APHIDICOLIN; KINASESWe conducted a study of the cell cycle of coconut palm tissues cultured in vitro in order to regulate regeneration. Coconut palm is a plant for which it is difficult to monitor the ability of the meristematic cells to actively divide. Cell nuclei were isolated from various types of coconut palm tissues with and without in vitro culture. After the nuclei were stained with propidium iodide, relative fluorescence intensity was estimated by flow cytometry. Characterization of the cell cycle reinforced the hypothesis of a block in the G(0)/G(1) and G(1)/S phases of the coconut cells. A time-course study carried out on immature leaves revealed that this block takes place gradually, following the introduction of the material in vitro. Synchronization of in vitro-cultured leaves cells using 60 muM aphidicholin revealed an increase in the number of nuclei in the S phase after 108 h of treatment. The significance of these results is discussed in relation with the ability of coconut tissue cultured in vitro to divide. 2003 AUG221ISI:000184778000003808-816If`Santi, C. von Groll, U. Ribeiro, A. Chiurazzi, M. Auguy, F. Bogusz, D. Franche, C. Pawlowski, K.Comparison of nodule induction in legume and actinorhizal symbioses: The induction of actinorhizal nodules does not involve ENOD40*$Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactionspromoter-GUS fusion CASUARINA-GLAUCA; GENE-EXPRESSION; ALLOCASUARINA-VERTICILLATA; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; NODULATION FACTORS; NITROGEN-FIXATION; FRANKIA STRAINS; LOTUS-JAPONICUS; VICIA-SATIVA ztTwo types of root nodule symbioses are known for higher plants, legume and actinorhizal symbioses. In legume symbioses, bacterial signal factors induce the expression of ENOD40 genes. We isolated an ENOD40 promoter from an actinorhizal plant, Casuarina glauca, and compared its expression pattern in a legume (Lotus japonicus) and an actinorhizal plant (Allocasuarina verticillata) with that of an ENOD40 promoter from the legume soybean (GmENOD40-2). In the actinorhizal Allocasuarina sp., CgENOD40-GUS and GmENOD40-2-GUS showed similar expression patterns in both vegetative and symbiotic development, and neither promoter was active during nodule induction. The nonsymbiotic expression pattern of CgENOD40-GUS in the legume genus Lotus resembled the nonsymbiotic expression patterns of legume ENOD40 genes; however, in contrast to GmENOD40-2-GUS, CgENOD40-GUS was not active during nodule induction. The fact that only legume, not actinorhizal, ENOD40 genes are induced during legume nodule induction can be linked to the phloem unloading mechanisms established in the zones of nodule induction in the roots of both types of host plants. 2003 SEP 169mISI:000184943000008n&t129-134HBHeemers, L. Oyaert, E. van Labeke, M. C. Volckaert, E. Debergh, P.TNSeasonal influence on vegetative growth and flower initiation of Spathiphyllum&South African Journal of Botany$GIBBERELLIC-ACID; PHALAENOPSISVegetative growth and flower initiation of Spathiphyllum cultivars 'Alfa' and 'Cervin' were studied under various climatic conditions over a full year's growth cycle. The four production cycles started respectively on 18(th) March, 10(th) June, 10(th) September and 26(th) November 1998. These cycles are referred to as summer, autumn, winter and spring cultures respectively since the major part of the experimental period occurred in this specific season.This study indicated that 'Alfa' and 'Cervin' reacted in. different ways during the year. Spathiphyllum 'Alfa' initiated flowers independently of the attained vegetative biomass and flower initiation occurred when growth rate was slow or decreased considerably. In the winter and spring cycles, 'Alfa' was able to initiate flowers in an early vegetative stage (12.4 leaves and 7.4 leaves respectively), whereas the summer and autumn cultured plants were larger (29.5 leaves and 23.2 leaves respectively) at the start of flower initiation. For 'Alfa', the absence of temperatures above 26degreesC seemed to be an initial (essential) condition to start flower initiation. In addition to non-elevated temperatures, decreasing or low light intensities and shortening of the photoperiod were associated with the conversion from the vegetative to the generative stage. For Spathiphyllum 'Cervin', however, no linkage of climatic conditions and the start of generative development wash observed. 'Cervin' required a more extensive vegetative development than 'Alfa' before flower initiation could take place. In any of the four culture cycles, flower initiation did not occur before the,, plants had formed approximately seven shoots and 24 leaves. 2003 JUL692ISI:000184931900002371-381P<5Hobe, M. Muller, R. Grunewald, M. Brand, U. Simon, R.~Loss of CLE40, a protein functionally equivalent to the stem cell restricting signal CLV3, enhances root waving in Arabidopsis&Development Genes and EvolutiondArabidopsis, CLV, shoot meristem, stem cells RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE; HOMEOBOX GENES; MERISTEM; THALIANA; SHOOT; CLAVATA3; EXPRESSION; WUSCHEL; FATE; NODULATIONAContinuous growth and development of plants is controlled by meristems that harbour stem cell pools. Division of stem cells and differentiation of their progeny are coordinated by intercellular signaling. In Arabidopsis, stem cells in shoot and floral meristems secrete CLAVATA3, a member of the CLE protein family that activates the CLV1/CLV2 receptor complex in underlying cells to restrict the size of the stem cell population. We found that CLE40 encodes a potentially secreted protein that is distantly related to CLV3. While CLV3 transcripts are confined to stem cells of the shoot system, CLE40 is expressed at low levels in all tissues, including roots. Misexpression and promoter swap experiments show that CLE40 can fully substitute for CLV3 to activate CLV signalling in the shoot, indicating that CLV3 and CLE40 are functionally equivalent proteins that differ mainly in their expression patterns. Analysis of cle40 mutants shows that wild-type expression levels of CLE40 are insufficient to contribute to CLV signalling. High level expression of CLV3 or CLE40 results in a premature loss of root meristem activity, indicating that activation of a CLV-like signaling pathway may restrict cell fate also in roots. The cellular organization of cle40 root meristems is normal, but mutant roots grow in a strongly waving pattern, suggesting a role for CLE40 in a signaling pathway that controls movement of the root tip. 2003 AUG 2138ISI:000184874500001783-7946/Hsu, H. F. Huang, C. H. Chou, L. T. Yang, C. H.Ectopic expression of an orchid (Oncidium Gower Ramsey) AGL6-like gene promotes flowering by activating flowering time genes in Arabidopsis thaliana Plant and Cell PhysiologyfArabidopsis thaliana, flower development, flowering time, MADS box genes, orchid, Oncidium Gower Ramsey MADS-BOX GENES; FLORAL-ORGAN IDENTITY; SHOOT DEVELOPMENT; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; EMF GENES; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; REPRODUCTIVE-ORGANS; APETALA1; INITIATION; TOBACCOAP1/AGL9 group of MADS box gene, OMADS1, with extensive homology to the Arabidopsis A GAMOUS-like 6 gene (AGL6) was characterized from orchid (Oncidium Gower Ramsey). OMADS1 mRNA was detected in apical meristem and in the lip and carpel of flower. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that OMADS1 is able to strongly interact with OMADS3, a TM6-like protein that was involved in flower formation and floral initiation in orchid. Transgenic Arabidopsis and tobacco ectopically expressed OMADS1 showed similar novel phenotypes by significantly reducing plant size, flowering extremely early, and losing inflorescence indeterminacy. In addition, homeotic conversion of sepals into carpel-like structures and petals into staminoid structures were also observed in flowers of 35S::OMADS1 Arabidopsis. This result indicated that OMADS1 was involved in floral formation and initiation in transgenic plants. Further analysis indicated that the expression of flowering time genes FT, SUPPRESSOR OF OVER EXPRESSION OF CO 1 (SOC1) and flower meristem identity genes LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1) was significantly up-regulated in 35S::OMADS1 transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Furthermore, ectopic expression of OMADS1 rescued late-flowering phenotype in gi-1, co-3 but not for ft-1 and fwa-1 mutants. These results supported that ectopic expression of OMADS1 influenced flower transition and formation by acting as an activator for FT and SOC1 in Arabidopsis. 2003 AUG448ISI:000184936600001 2135-2143AF?Hunter, C. A. Aukerman, M. J. Sun, H. Fokina, M. Poethig, R. S.82PAUSED encodes the Arabidopsis exportin-t orthologPlant PhysiologyRNA NUCLEAR EXPORT; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PHO4; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; IMPORTIN-BETA; PHASE-CHANGE; THALIANA; RECEPTOR; GENE; EXPRESSION; TRANSPORT Los1p/exportin-t (XPOT) mediates the nuclear export of tRNAs in yeast and mammals. The requirements for this transport pathway are unclear, however, because los1 mutations do not affect yeast growth, and the phenotype of XPOT mutations in mammals is unknown. Here, we show that PAUSED (PSD) is the Arabidopsis ortholog of LOS1/XPOT and is capable of rescuing the tRNA export defect of los1 in Brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), suggesting that its function has been conserved. Putative null alleles of PSD disrupt the initiation of the shoot apical meristem and delay leaf initiation after germination, the emergence of the radicle and lateral roots, and the transition to flowering. Plants doubly mutant for psd and hasty, the Arabidopsis ortholog of exportin 5, are viable but have a more severe phenotype than either single mutant. These results suggest that PSD plays a role in tRNA export in Arabidopsis, but that at least one-and perhaps several-additional tRNA export pathways also exist. The PSD transcript is broadly expressed during development and is alternatively spliced in the 3'-untranslated region. No temporal or spatial difference in the abundance of different splice forms was observed. We propose that the mutant phenotype of psd reflects defects in developmental events and cell/tissue types that require elevated levels of protein synthesis and are therefore acutely sensitive to a reduction in tRNA export.a 2003 AUGv 132 4iISI:000184713400040 >760-768I Shim, W. B. Dunkle, L. D.CZK3, a MAP kinase kinase kinase homolog in Cercospora zeae-maydis, regulates cercosporin biosynthesis, fungal development, and pathogenesis*$Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactionspathogenicity, signaling ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; USTILAGO-MAYDIS; FISSION YEAST; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES-POMBE; FILAMENTOUS GROWTH; SIGNALING PATHWAY; GENE-CLUSTER; KIKUCHIIA0*The fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis causes gray leaf spot of maize and produces cercosporin, a photosensitizing perylenequinone with toxic activity against a broad spectrum of organisms. However, little is known about the biosynthetic pathway or factors that regulate cercosporin production. Analysis of a cDNA subtraction library comprised of genes that are up-regulated during cercosporin synthesis revealed a sequence highly similar to mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in other fungi. Sequencing and conceptual translation of the full-length genomic sequence indicated that the gene, which we designated CZK3, contains a 4,119-bp open reading frame devoid of introns and encodes a 1,373-amino acid sequence that is highly similar to Wis4, a MAP kinase kinase kinase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Targeted disruption of CZK3 suppressed expression of genes predicted to participate in cercosporin biosynthesis and abolished cercosporin production. The disrupted mutants grew faster on agar media than the wild type but were deficient in conidiation and elicited only small chlorotic spots on inoculated maize leaves compared with rectangular necrotic lesions incited by the wild type. Complementation of disruptants with the CZK3 open reading frame and flanking sequences restored wild-type levels of conidiation, growth rate, and virulence as well as the ability to produce cercosporin. The results suggest that cercosporin is a virulence factor in C. zeae-maydis during maize pathogenesis, but the pleiotropic effects of CZK3 disruption precluded definitive conclusions. 2003 SEP169ISI:000184943000003 3283-3295VOSiddiqui, N. U. Stronghill, P. E. Dengler, R. E. Hasenkampf, C. A. Riggs, C. D.Mutations in Arabidopsis condensin genes disrupt embryogenesis, meristem organization and segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis DevelopmentBcondensation, meristem, meiosis, fasciation, Arabidopsis thaliana, SMC2, gametogenesis SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM; TOPOISOMERASE-II; CELL-DIVISION; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CHROMATID SEGREGATION; SISTER CHROMATIDS; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; DNA-REPLICATION; 13S CONDENSIN; SMC PROTEINSzsProper chromatin condensation and sister chromatid resolution are essential for the maintenance of chromosomal integrity during cell division, and is in part mediated by a conserved multisubunit apparatus termed the condensin complex. The core subunits of the complex are members of the SMC2 ((S) under bar tructural (M) under bar aintenance of (C) under bar hromosomes) and SMC4 gene families. We have cloned an Arabidopsis gene, AtCAP-E1, which is a functional ortholog of the yeast SMC2 gene. A second, highly homologous SMC2 gene, AtCAPE-2, was identified by the Arabidopsis genome project. SMC2 gene expression in Arabidopsis was correlated with the mitotic activity of tissues, with high level expression observed in meristematic cells. The two genes are differentially expressed with AtCAP-E1 accounting for more than 85% of the total SMC2 transcript pool. The titan3 mutant is the result of a T-DNA insertion into AtCAP-E1, but other than subtle endosperm defects, titan3 is viable and fecund. We identified a T-DNA insertion mutant of AtCAP-E2, which showed no obvious mutant phenotype, indicating that the two genes are functionally redundant. Genetic crosses were employed to examine the consequences of reduced SMC2 levels. Both male and female gametogenesis were compromised in double mutant spores. Embryo lethality was observed for both double homozygous and AtCAP-E1(-/-), AtCAP-E2(+/-) plants; arrest occurred at or before the globular stage and was associated with altered planes of cell division in both the suspensor and the embryo. Down regulation of both genes by antisense technology, as well as in AtCAP-E1(+/-), AtCAP-E2(-/-) plants results in meristem disorganization and fasciation. Our data are consistent with the interpretation that threshold levels of SMC2 proteins are required for normal development and that AtCAP-E2 may have a higher affinity for its target than AtCAP-E1. 2003 JUL 13014ISI:000184415000019 NUS-SATIVUS LnYZr &757-767F Chung, S. M. Staub, J. E.The development and evaluation of consensus chloroplast primer pairs that possess highly variable sequence regions in a diverse array of plant taxac& Theoretical and Applied Geneticsconsensus primer, chloroplast, simple sequence repeats, variable region, genetic relationships COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; PLASTID CHROMOSOME; DNA PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; GENE ORGANIZATION; NONCODING REGIONS; UNIVERSAL PRIMERS; CUCURBITACEAE; GENOMES; SETl z tAlthough universal or consensus chloroplast primers are available, they are limited by their number and genomic distribution. Therefore, a set of consensus chloroplast primer pairs for simple sequence repeats (ccSSRs) analysis was constructed from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) chloroplast sequences. These were then tested for their general utility in the genetic analysis of a diverse array of plant taxa. In order to increase the number of ccSSRs beyond that previously reported, the target sequences for SSR motifs was set at A or T (ngreater than or equal to7) mononucleotide repeats. Each SSR sequence motif, along with +/-200-bp flanking sequences from the first of each mononucleotide base repeat, was screened for homologies with chloroplast DNA sequences of other plant species in GenBank databases using BLAST search procedures. Twenty three putative marker loci that possessed conserved flanking sequence spans were selected for consensus primer pair construction using commercially available computer algorithms. All primer pairs produced amplicons after PCR employing genomic DNA from members of the Cucurbitaceae (six species) and Solanaceae (four species). Sixteen, 22 and 19 of the initial 23 primer pairs were successively amplified by PCR using template DNA from species of the Apiaceae (two species), Brassicaceae (one species) and Fabaceae (two species), respectively. Twenty of 23 primer pairs were also functional in three monocot species of the Liliaceae [onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.)], and the Poaceae [oat (Avena sativa L.)]. Sequence analysis of selected ccSSR fragments suggests that ccSSR length and sequence variation could be useful as a tool for investigating the genetic relationships within a genus or closely related taxa (i.e., tribal level). In order to provide for a marker system having significant coverage of the cucumber chloroplast genome, ccSSR primers were strategically 'recombined' and named recombined consensus chloroplast primers (RCCP) for PCR analysis. Successful amplification after extended-length PCR of 16 RCCP primer pairs from cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) DNA suggested that the amplicons detected are representative of the cucumber chloroplast genome. These RCCP pairs, therefore, could be useful as an initial molecular tool for investigation of traits related to a chloroplast gene(s) in cucumber, and other closely related species. 2003 AUG 1074ISI:0001848253000218Plant polyploidy: gene expression and genetic redundancyHeredity912  91-2 August716-723 .(Han, F. P. Fedak, G. Ouellet, T. Liu, B.f_Rapid genomic changes in interspecific and intergeneric hybrids and allopolyploids of Triticeae Genomeallopolyploidy, genome evolution, ESTs, retrotransposons, DNA methylation NEWLY SYNTHESIZED AMPHIPLOIDS; DNA-SEQUENCES; ARABIDOPSIS ALLOTETRAPLOIDS; POLYPLOID EVOLUTION; WHEAT; METHYLATION; AEGILOPS; BRASSICA; ELIMINATION; PLANTSL4.Allopolyploidy is preponderant in plants, which often leads to speciation. Some recent studies indicate that the process of wide hybridization and (or) genome doubling may induce rapid and extensive genetic and epigenetic changes in some plant species and genomic stasis in others. To further study this phenomenon, we analyzed three sets of synthetic allopolyploids in the Triticeae by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using a set of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and retrotransposons as probes. It was found that 40-64.7% of the ESTs detected genomic changes in the three sets of allopolyploids. Changes included disappearance of parental hybridization fragment(s), simultaneous appearance of novel fragment(s) and loss of parental fragment(s), and appearance of novel fragment(s). Some of the changes occurred as early as in the F, hybrid, whereas others occurred only after allopolyploid formation. Probing with retrotransposons revealed numerous examples of disappearance of sequences. No gross chromosome structural changes or physical elimination of sequences were found. It is suggested that DNA methylation and localized recombination at the DNA level were probably the main causes for the genomic changes. Possible implications of the genomic changes for allopolyploid genome evolution are discussed. 2003 AUGn4640ISI:000184755300019 6`565-583E Raghavan, V.RKSome reflections on double fertilization, from its discovery to the presentNew Phytologistf`angiosperm reproduction, double fertilization, gymnosperm reproduction, historical review, in vitro fertilization, maternal effect genes, pollen tube guidance IN-VITRO FERTILIZATION; POLLEN-TUBE GUIDANCE; NONFLOWERING SEED PLANT; ZEA-MAYS L; PATERNAL GENE ACTIVITY; MEDEA POLYCOMB GENE; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; MADS-BOX GENES; FLOWERING PLANTS; EMBRYO SAC0*The fusion of one sperm with the egg cell to form the embryo and of the other sperm with the polar fusion nucleus to give rise to the endosperm ('double fertilization') was discovered by Nawaschin in 1898 in the liliaceous plants, Lilium martagon and Fritillaria tenella . The occurrence of two fusion events analogous to double fertilization has recently been described in some gymnosperm species although the product of the second fusion is a transient embryo, rather than the endosperm as in angiosperms. Recent investigations in angiosperms describe the cell biology and nuclear cytology of double fertilization and the successful in vitro demonstration of the two fusion events using isolated egg cells, central cells, and sperm cells and the development of the fusion products into the embryo and endosperm. Molecular and genetic studies on the component elements of double fertilization have focused on the identification of mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that display developmental patterns in the seed that result in autonomous endosperm development and even partial embryogenesis in the absence of fertilization. Characterization of the genes and their protein products has provided evidence for a predominant effect of maternal gametophytic genes and of silencing of paternal genes during double fertilization. 2003 SEP  159t3lISI:000184616400006a 1998-2011B;Rashotte, A. M. Carson, S. D. B. To, J. P. C. Kieber, J. J.>7Expression profiling of cytokinin action in arabidopsisPlant PhysiologyRESPONSE-REGULATOR HOMOLOG; AHK4 HISTIDINE KINASE; GENE-EXPRESSION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; INDOLEACETIC-ACID; CELL-DIVISION; THALIANA; FAMILYThe phytohormone cytokinin is an important regulator of plant growth and development, however, relatively few genes that mediate cytokinin responses have been identified. Genome-wide analyses of Arabidopsis seedlings using the approximately 8,3000-element Affymetrix Arabidopsis GeneChips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) to examine cytokinin-responsive genes were conducted, revealing at least 30 genes whose steady-state level of mRNA was elevated and at least 40 that were down-regulated at multiple time points after application of cytokinin. The cytokinin up-regulated genes include the type-A Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs), which had been shown previously to be cytokinin primary response genes, cytokinin oxidase, which encodes an enzyme that degrades cytokinins, and several transcription factors. Cytokinin down-regulated genes include several peroxidases and kinases and an E3 ubiquitin ligase. We identified a common sequence motif enriched in the upstream regions of the most consistently cytokinin up-regulated genes. This motif is highly similar to the optimal DNA-binding sites for ARR1/ARR2, type-B ARRs that have been implicated in the transcriptional elevation of the type-A ARRs. Additionally, genome-wide analyses of cytokinin receptor mutants (wol/cre1) revealed large-scale changes in gene expression, including dawn-regulation of the type-A ARRs and several meristem and cell cycle genes, such as CycD3. Mutations in CRE1 reduced but did not eliminate the effect of cytokinin on gene expression for a subset of cytokinin-responsive genes and had little or no effect on others, suggesting functional redundancy among the cytokinin receptors. 2003 AUG 1324ISI:000184713400028Reeves, PA Olmstead, RG 2003Evolution of the TCP Gene Family in Asteridae: Cladistic and Network Approaches to Understanding Regulatory Gene Family Diversification and Its Impact on Morphological Evolution.&Molecular Biology and EvolutionaIn the plant subclass Asteridae, bilaterally symmetrical flowers have evolved from a radially symmetrical ancestral phenotype on at least three independent occasions: in the Boraginaceae, Solanaceae, and Lamiales. Development of bilateral flower symmetry has been shown to be determined by the early-acting cycloidea (cyc) and dichotoma (dich) genes in Antirrhinum, a member of the Lamiales. Cyc and dich belong to the TCP gene family of putative transcription factors. TCP gene sequences were isolated from 11 Asteridae taxa using an array of degenerate PCR primers. Closely related species exhibiting either ancestral actinomorphic or derived zygomorphic flowers were sampled for each independent origin of bilateral flower symmetry. Cladistic and network-based analyses were performed to establish viable hypotheses regarding the evolution of bilateral symmetry in Asteridae. For the TCP gene family, the use of cladistic phylogenetic analysis to identify orthologous genes is complicated by a paucity of alignable data, frequent gene duplication and extinction, and the possibility of reticulate evolution via intergenic recombination. These complicating factors can be generalized to many regulatory gene families. As an alternative to cladistic analysis, we propose the use of network analysis for the reconstruction of regulatory gene family phylogenetic and functional relationships. Results of analyses support the hypothesis that the origin of bilaterally symmetrical flowers in the Boraginaceae and Solanaceae did not require orthologs or functional analogs of cyc or dich. This suggests that the genetic mechanism that determines bilateral flower symmetry in these taxa is not homologous to that of the Lamiales. Results of analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that the evolution of bilateral floral symmetry in the Lamiales required the origin of a novel gene function subsequent to gene duplication.