Flyover III: The Next Generation Internet
Context - Applications, Players, Internet 1, current testbeds
Technical Challenges
Tools and Technologies
Key Issues
How It May Go From Here
Driver Applications
video and H.320/323
advanced digital libraries and multimedia
multicast services
real-time and delayed collaboration
distributed simulations
environmental crisis management
public information access
remote instrument control
teleimmersion
Comments on Apps and Plumbing
Advanced applications transform high-speed plumbing into value
Advanced plumbing enables advanced applications
Profligate use of bandwidth, per se, does not make an application
'advanced'
Megalomaniac plumbing, per se, does not make the plumbing 'advanced'
Video
broadcast, multicast and pt-pt
digital video - MPEG 1, MPEG 2, DCT, Fractal
lossless compression
lossy compression - spatial and temporal
intraframe and interframe techniques
quantization, run length encoding, motion prediction
Packetized Video Challenges
video is very dependent upon synchronization
differences between a continuous bit stream and a collection of packets
uncompressed video very high and constant bandwidth, loss tolerant
compressed video much lower and bursty bandwidth, loss sensitive
Real-time and Delayed Collaboration
control and synch of multiple audio and video streams
shared access to information
managed interactions
maintenance of history and audit trails
support of consistency
Key Players, Politics, Economic issues
NGI - www.ngi.gov
I2 - www.internet2.edu
industrial policies - ksgwww.harvard.edu/iip/, www.doc.gov
I1 - www.usatoday.com
I2 Compared to I1
differentiation versus connectivity
faster rate of diffusion
better end appliances
high visibility
Testbeds
DARTNET
CANARIE
vBNS
The vBNS
NSF, Higher Ed, MCI partnership
14 nodes, 9 core sites, OC3-OC12
full mesh ATM PVC
connected sites
last mile issues
What are the Technical Challenges?
Laws of Physics
Delay-bandwidth product - Desktops
Quality of service (QOS) - Net hardware
Multicast
Laws of Humanity
Routing and Addressing - Middleware
Applications - Security
Measurements and traffic analysis
Tools and technologies
IPv6
SONET and ATM
H.320 and H.323
RSVP
Tools and technologies (ctd)
Gigapops
New protocols
Security tools
Universities
Gigapops
High-speed exchange points for I2 and I1
Measurement and policy control
Can be centralized or distributed
Will house outboard servers
Classes of Service
by application
allow certain applications to access high-speed devices
by desktop
highbandwidth to the desktop
multiple parallel campus backbones
WAN PVC's
by IP address (and user)
RED
Traffic shaping
Security
interrealm authentication
authorization
internal network security
Universities
Due to their teaching mission, universities scatter researchers
University faculty and students therefore have a disproportionate
need to be able to collaborate at a distance
Source of invention
Support of guinea pig populations
Training of the next-generation of consumers and workers
Evaluation and assessment of societal impacts
Key Issues
How many bearer services
Middleware
Network management and routing tools
Administration of QOS
How It May Go From Here
1998
1999
Gradient of Diffusion
The Generation After Network
I2 Principles
Buy rather than build
Open rather than closed
Redundancy rather than reliance
Basics before complexity
Production not experimentation
Services to end users, not among commercial providers
Diversity of GigaPoP Approaches
IP over ATM the dominant technology
Some SONET ADM
Some LAN over fiber
Use of vBNS as initial Interconnect
Core: Vector ATM switches in MCI PoPs
OC12 being provisioned among them
Access: FORE ATM switches in backhaul sites Full PVP mesh among the
FORE switches
Routers: Cisco 7500 and Ascend
UBR ATM used throughout
New connections engineered to the Cisco routers
MCI vBNS engineering shop has the confidence of the Internet2
technical community
1998 Aspirations
Growing number of gigaPoPs
Growing number of institutions connected
Introduction of Quality of Service Support
Advanced Multicast Support
Introduction of IPv6 Support
Quality of Service Issues
We are beginning now to explore these issues
' Chicken and egg' between Applications needs and Engineering
practicalities will be resolved
Several candidate solutions/approaches exist
Each has problems
Multicast Issues
Current MBone community is small
Many advanced applications are naturally multicast
one to many (e.g., distance education)
few to few (e.g., graduate seminars or conferences)
Internet2 technical community has much of the Internet's experience in these matters
Scaling is hard:
Optimize for transmission lines?
Optimize for packet forwarding?
QoS Issues
What are the needs each application has?
Bandwidth
Packet loss
Delay and Jitter
At the core, are these known on a per-flow basis?
How near to complete end-to-end extent is possible?
QoS Issues (continued)
Suppose you do nothing:
load due to best-efforts traffic among I2 members
OC12 capacity within the core
Suppose you reserve some capacity for advanced applications on
certain gigaPoP to gigaPoP paths:
you can then support a certain number of advanced applications
capacity and packet loss can be assured
delay can be improved with 'weighted fair queuing'
QoS Issues (continued)
Issues at the edge
Admission control
Measurement (billing?)
Marking of packets
Issues at the core
Provision of resources to marked packets
Low packet loss in presence of very high delay-bandwidth
products
Diversity of GigaPoPs
Geographic scope
campus
metro area
state
Technology
ATM
SONET
IP
Diversity of GigaPoPs (continued)
What needs to be the same despite these differences?
Inter-gigaPoP routing policy and design
Measurement policy, design, and implementation
Admissions control for QoS
Inter-NOC trouble tickets
Security coordination
The Generation After Network
Semi-transparent session layer
Dynamic monitoring and adaptive resource management
Automatic intrusion detection
Intelligent pipes