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After reading Chapter VIII students should understand

1. Marx's and de Tocqueville's views on 19th Century America

2. The characteristics defining the middle and the working classes

a. their relative size to each other
b. their size relative to other classes

4. The differences between the old and the new middle classes

5. The meaning of "dual economy" and "dual labor market"

6. The main effects of class position, paying attention to the way these effects vary with income, gender, and race

7. The different conditions under which the middle and the working classes work

8. The theoretical meaning of "alienation," as an objective aspect of the organization of work, and the factors that produce alienation in the workplace

9. The factors that influence job satisfaction

10. Can happy workers be alienated?

11. The characteristics of middle class and working class lifestyles, community participation, sociability, childshood socialization, and political values and behaviors

12. The meaning of "life chances" and "lifestyles" and the key differences between these concepts

13. The importance of labor unions for the middle and the working classes

14. The differences between the United States and other industrialized countries with respect to unionization, workers' rights, and social benefits

(adapted from Instructor's Manual prepared by Richard A. Schaffer)

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