WOMEN IN ISLAM:
Feminism, Fashion, Gender, and Identity

Abbot, Nabia. A'isha: The Beloved of Muhammad. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1942.

'Abd al 'Ati, Hammudah. The Family Structure in Islam. Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1977.

Afkhami, Mahnaz, editor. Faith and Freedom, Women's Rights in the Muslim World. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995.

While I couldn't get ahold of this book, it is used in the course whose syllabus I picked up off of the internet. The course, offered at Univ. of Texas, is entitled Gender, Clothing and Identity in Muslim Societies--clearly relevent to my interests.

Ahmed, Leila. Women and Gender in Islam: Historical Roots of a Modern Debate. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.

Ahmed discusses the impact the industrial revolution has on women and their education She claims that in order for families to survive financially, women must be eduated so that they may earn an income of their own.

Amin, Qasim. Translated by Samiha Sidhom Peterson. The New Woman: A Document in the Early Debate on Egyptian Feminism. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 1995 (in translation from the 1900 Arabic version--available in CU's library).

Amin discusses women's roles in the Islamic family, education, and society. Concludes with a statement concerning the current state of thought of women in Egypt. A rather historical account, and certainly dates, but nonetheless interesting, especially since it is also available in the Arabic.

Ardener, Shirley, editor. Defining Females: The Nature of Women in Society. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978.

A collection of general articles on feminist theory, this work pulls together a wide range of ideas concerning the roles of women in Society. Many interesting stereotypes and categories are addressed which are normally associated with women: sexuality, virginity, body issues, taboo, childbirth, feminine brain functions, and perhaps most interestingly, the final section is entitled "Harems and Overlords." Another chapter discusses a "matrifocus" on African women (certainly pertinent in my field). This source touches generally on a lot of ideas that seem to be somewhat basic to recent feminist studies. The publication date, which is not too recent, puts this work into context with some of the earlier works in women's studies. An interesting source, and worth looking at if I become intrigued by any of the above topics.

Augustin, Ebba, editor. Palestinian Women: Identity and Experience. London: Zed Books, 1993.

Though perhaps peripheral to my particular region of study, Augstin's compilation discusses many of the issues I am interested in with reference to Palestine. The discussions of identity may be particularly useful.

Badran, Margot. Feminists, Islam, and Nation: Gender and the Making of Modern Egypt. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.

This source outlines the feminist movements that are currently gaining much influence in Egyptian society. Badran discusses issues surrounding females claiming public space, and looks into women's roles in the modern Egyptian family. Education, working women, suffrage, citizenship, and Arab feminism are all central topics in this work. A good, current source drawing from an Egyptian cultural context (quite valuable considering my desire to travel to and study Egyptian/Cairene culture).

Badran, Margot and Miriam Cooke, editors. Opening the Gates: A Century of Arab Feminist Writing. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.

While perhaps not right up my alley, this variety of biographical sketches of female Arab authors is good to know about. Around fifty women are profiled here, and the discussions of them bring up issues faced by their more "common" contemporaries.

Bartlett, Cindi. The Ritual Body of Muslim Women: A Reconsideration of Contemporary Muslim Feminism. Master's Thesis, University of Colorado, presented Spring 1997.

Cindi discusses a variety of issues that are relevent to my interests. She breaks down two seemingly opposing theoretical models: Islamic Fundamentalism and Muslim Feminism. She continues to look into the ritual body of Muslim women. An embodied essay, though somewhat brief.

Becher, Jeanne, editor. Women, Religion, and Sexuality: Sudies on the Impact of Religious Teaching on Women. Philadelphia: Trinity Press, 1991.

Beck, Lois and Nikki Keddie, editors. Women in the Muslim World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978.

Beers, William. Women and Sacrifice: Male Narcissism and the Psychology of Women. Wayne State: 1992.

(Women and Religion)

Boddy, Janice. Wombs and Alien Spritis: Women, Men and the Zar Cult in Northern Sudan. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.

Bouhdiba, Abdelwahab. Sexuality in Islam. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985.

This book looks into some very interesting (and rarely discussed) issues concerning sexuality and Islam. Topics such as purity, prohibitions, feminity, orgasm, eroticism, etc. are all included here in a somewhat dense format. Furthermore, discussions of specific sexual practices are also looked into. Worth looking at in reference to sexuality.

Bourque, Suan C. and Donna Robinson Divine, editors. Women Living Change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1985.

This collection looks into movements of change which are occurring among women accross the globe. Articles of particular interest include Divine's work on "Palestinian Arab Women and Their Reveries of Emancipation," and Foster's "The Dilemma of Polyculturalism for a Moroccan Woman." These two articles surely pertain to my interests, and are cushioned here in a larger body of works that would perhaps serve as good extensions of my interests. Many of the articles in this compilation are worth looking at, if for no other reason than that they look extremely interesting.

Brooks, Geraldine. Nine Parts of Desire: The Hidden World of Islamic Women. New York: Anchor Books, 1995.

Buitelaar, Marjo. Fasting and Feasting in Morocco: Women's Participation in Ramadan. Oxford: Berg Press, 1993.

While this book is nested in a particular pillar of Islam, the attention paid to women's roles in Ramadan is extremely interesting and useful, especially since Buitelaar is looking specifically at Moroccan women. An especially useful passage deals with Islamic and Moroccan views of purity and extends those ideas in looking into purity in reference to women. A useful and recent source in the outskirts of my field (her work is based on field study in Berkane and Marrakesh). Also included in an appendix are lively Moroccan cartoons centered around Ramadan as a fun and enjoyable time, rather than a time for somber religious observance.

Campo, Juan Eduardo. The Other Sides of Paradise: Expolorations into the Religious Meaing of Domestic Space in Islam. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.

Combs-Schilling, M.E. Sacred Performances: Islam, Sexuality, and Sacrifice. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.

Cooey, et. al. editors. After Patriarch: Feminist Transformations of the World Religions. New York: Maryknoll.

Cooper, Elizabeth. The Harim and The Purdah: Studies of Oriental Women. New York: the Century Company, 1975.

This text looks into women's issues in three contexts: Egyptian, Indian, and Burmese. While I think this may be an interesting book to look at, it seems rather old-school and perhaps Orientalist in Said's theoretical framework. Terminology such as Mohamedan rather than Islam is used, and one chapter is even titled "The Woman of the Desert." I am not sure if this source isn't doing more harm than good. Certainly not a recent, non-Orientalist academic work--not a priority, except maybe to critique.

Engineer, Asghar Ali. The Rights of Women in Islam. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992.

This book gives a technical, textual and historical account of women's issues in Islamic history. A brief summary is given of the role of women in the Jahiliya, and vague chapters on sexual equality and equality in general open the set for a more elaborate discourse on women's marriage and divorce rights in Islam. A useful source in technical matters of divorce and marriage laws, if I ever run into the need for such information.

Evans, Mary, editor. The Woman Question. London: Sage Publications, 1994. (Second Edition)

This second edition of The Woman Question discusses six main areas of interest concerning feminist issues in the Academy. The general areas included are: 1) the context of contemporary feminist, 2) the concept and impact of sexual 'difference', 3) representation, 4) reality, 5) women and the state, and 6) the politics of feminism. Many articles are included that discuss sexuality through film, pornography, and sex trade (prostitution); particular attention is paid to representations of black female sexuality. A good, thorough source that represents a wide range of authors. The first edition of this same title compiles a different cross-section of authors.

Falk, Nancy. Unspoken Worlds: Women's Religious Experience. 1989.

(Women and Religion)

Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, and Basima Qattan Bezirgan, editors. Middle Eastern Women Speak. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1977.

Quite a non-traditional source, this book includes biographical sketches, interviews, translations, traditional academic articles, songs, poetry, and art from Muslim women from all over the Middle East (including Berber women from Morocco--a rare find!). This book seems to be a classic work in many ways (or at least I have run into it a number of times), and I think it may prove to be a valuable source for looking at new material.

Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, editor. Women and the Family in the Middle East: New Voices of Change. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985.

This is a great compilation of articles dealing with women's issues in a range of Muslim cultures. Of particular interest are those articles centered in Morocco, Egypt, Palestine, and the Sudan (some of the subjects covered include factory workers, female circumcision, education, and health issues). The sholarly articles are interspersed with short stories, poetry, and other creative writings by Middle Eastern women. A great source.

Fernea, Robert and Elizabeth. "Variation in Religious Observance among Islamic Women." In Scholars, Saints, and Sufis. Nikki R. Keddie, editor. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.

This article is quite an interesting one which goes into detail concerning practices participated in by Muslim women. The Ferneas look into saint veneration, pilgrimage, death ceremonies and poetry readings. The outcome is a brief overview of women's roles in "mystical" Islam. A good and rare source, though merely skimming the surface.

Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn. Islamic Society in Practice. Florida: University Press of Florida, 1994.

Although mentioned elsewhere in this profile, this book covers a wide range of subjects, and happens to be particularly relevent to women's issues. Fluehr-Lobban addresses issues of marriage and marriage laws in Tunisia, Egypt, and the Sudan.

Goldenberg, Naomi R. Changing of the Gods: Feminism and the End of Traditional Religions. Boston: Beacon Press, 1979.

Goldenberg, Naomi R. Resurrecting the Body: Feminism, Religion, and Psychoanalysis. New York: Crossroad Press, 1990.

Gocek, Fatma Muge and Shiva Balaghi, eds. Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East: Tradition, Identity, and Power. New York: Columbia University Press, 1994.

The needle in the haystack. This is a great find, as it includes articles on hijab in Morocco, general articles on Islamic women and identity construction, and looks into Egyptian politics and women's roles within those politics. The introduction to this volume is also of particular usage, entitled "Reconstructing Gender in the Middle East through Voice and Experience. Extremely useful and relevent. Recent, too, which is a bonus.

Grandqvist, Hilma Natalia. Birth and Childhood Among the Arabs: Studies ina Muhammadan Village in Palestine. New York: AMS Press, 1975.

Grandqvist, Hilma Natalia. Marriage Conditions in a Palestinian Village. New York: AMS Press, 1975.

Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck. Contemporary Islam and the Challenge of History. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982.

Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck, Byron Haines and Ellison Findly. The Islamic Impact: Women, Religion and Social Change. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1984.

This compilation brings together an all-star list of scholars in the field of Islamic studies. Articles are included by Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad, John L. Esposito, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Annemarie Schimmel, Jane I. Smith, and many others. Many of the articles are peripheral to my interests, but three of them are quite useful. Willem Bijlefeld's article on Muslim identity and faith, Akbar Muhammad's discussion of Muslims in the US (organizations, doctrines, problems), and Jane Smith's investigation of Muslim women are all quite relevant to my domain. This source is certainly worth a quick read for general background, though later books edited and written by Haddad are much more specific and pertinent to my field.

Hewitt, Nancy, Jean O'Barr, and Nancy Rosebaugh. Talking Gender: Public Images, Personal Journeys, and Political Critiques. Chapell Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996.

This is an interesting compilation of articles which address images of females in cross-cultural situations. Of particular interest is an article on physical markings (shaved heads and marked bodies), which relates immensely to ideas of clothing as external markers of identity. Deborah White has included an article on African American Clubwomen in the early 1900's, and many of the articles look at traditional gender stereotypes. An interesting read, surely, and some of the theory may be applicable to studies of Muslim women and fashion.

al-Hibri, Aziza. Women and Islam. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1982.

Hijab, Nadia. Womanpower: The Arab debate on women at work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Hijab's book discusses women in the workplace in Turkey, Tunisia, Egypt, Bahrain, Kuwait, Yemen, Lebanon, and Jordan. An interesting source, though perhaps peripheral for the task at hand. An interesting chapter on power and nationalism is certainly of more interest. Worth looking into if working on issues of the workplace.

Ikramullah, Shaista Suhrawardy. Behind the Veil: Ceremonies Customs and Colour. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.

A really different book, Ikramullah writes about veiling in Islamic cultures. A useful and alternative source, chapters are included on "Varieties in the Wardrobe," "Customs, Tradition, and Etiquette," "How beauty adorned herself," and a number of others. A particularly good source in the area of Islamic fashion.

Jeffery, Patricia. Frogs in a Well: Indian Women in Purdah. London: Zed Press, 1979.

I have noticed that this particular book is in almost every library that I have visited, and for that reason I wish to include it here, even though it deals with Indian Muslims. This source basically outlines the Indian regulations of Islamic Purdah, and Jeffery looks at the difference between public and private space as being delegated to males and females, respectively. An interesting source, though I am not sure that it takes the point of view I wish to agree with, namely one which does not see the veil as entirely oppressive of women. Worth looking at in depth, due to its wide availability (and catchy title).

Jansen, W. Women Without Men: Gender and Marginality in an Algerian Town. Leiden: Brill, 1987.

Kandiyoti, Deniz. Women, Islam, and the State. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991.

Kandiyoti dicusses how the changing economy in both Egypt and Iran effected the lives of women, and describes the Pakistani Family Ordinance of 1961 in depth. This book is also helpful in researching specific ideas of women's identity in conflict and conversation with nationality.

Keddi, Nikki R. and Beth Baron, editors. Women in Middle Eastern History: Shifting Boundaries in Sex and Gender. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991.

Levy, Reuben. The Social Structure of Islam. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957.

Mabro, Judy, editor. Veiled Half-Truths: Western Travellers' Perceptions on Middle Eastern Women. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1991.

MacCormack, C. and M. Strathern, editors. Nature, Culture, and Gender. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980.

Macleod, Arlene. Accommodating Protest: Working Women, the New Veiling, and Change in Cairo. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.

Maher, V. Women and Property in Morocco: Their Changing Relation to the Social Stratification in the Middle Atlas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1974.

Makhlouf, Carla. Changing Veils: Women and Modernisation in North Yemen. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

A somewhat dated, but interesting look into the modernization of women and their roles in a gulf country. Though not directly related to my regions of study, Makhlouf's study is certainly valuable for comparative purposes on the issues of hijab and modernization.

Malson, Micheline R. et. al. Feminist Theory in Practice and Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

This is a collection of articles that deals with a wide range of themes regarding Feminist theory. Articles of interest: Alcoff's "Cultural Feminist versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory," King's "Multiple Jeopardy, Multiple Conciousness: The Context of a Black Feminist Ideology," Foster's "History, Critical Theory, and Womne's Social Practices: Women's Time and Housekeeping," and Cohn's "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals." While perhaps not at the forefront of feminist theory (note the '86 publication date), this compilation surely raises some interesting theoretical issues that are very applicable to my interests (particularly minority identity and women's social roles). While nothing seems to directly relate, I think that a lot of the theory is very extendable to my field.

Maynard, Mary and June Purvis, editors. New Frontiers in Women's Studies: Knowledge, Identity and Nationalism. London: Taylor and Francis, 1996.

This source provides a wide range of perspectives on how to exercise feminist and non-racist perspectives in academic women's studies. Issues such as ethnocentrism, colonialism, identity construction and nationalism are discussed in several articles. All of these discussions are set within the academic context of women's studies. Although Islamic views of women are not discussed, this text is a pertinent source in my field due to the overlap in the topic issues listed above. A good general reference in women's studies (recent, too, and thus somewhat up-to-date in contemporary issues).

Mernissi, Fatima. Women and Islam: An Historical and Theological Enquiry. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991.

Mernissi, Fatima. Women in Moslem Paradise. New Delhi: Kali for Women, 1986.

Mernissi, Fatima. Le Harem Politique: Le Prophete et les Femmes. Paris: Albin Michel, 1987.
This book is also available in English translation: The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation of women's Rights in Islam. Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., 1991.

This particular work by Mernissi examines the roles of women in Islam in the time of the prophet. She begins by giving historical background of the Arabian peninsula in the 7th century, moving on to more technical matters such as the rules of hijab as outlined in the Qur'an and Hadith. She includes a section on the Prophet and women, and concludes with a discussion of hijab and the transformations it went through after the historical era of the Prophet. While fairly grounded in textual sources, rather than contemporary examples, Mernissi's examination of the historical hijab is quite useful.

Mernissi, Fatima. (Mary Jo Lakeland, translator) Islam and Democracy: Fear of the Modern World. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1992.

This book, while perhaps peripheral to my specific interests, still addresses issues of the West and its effects on the Islamic world. Special attention, as is typical of Mernissi's work, is paid to women's issues, as well as general Islamic identity within the umma. A good general reference written from an anti-orientalist perspective. I have included this text here in order to document Mernissi's work as much as possible.

Mernissi, Fatima. Doing Daily Battle: Interviews with Moroccan Women.

A collection of interviews covering a wide range of topics. Rather scattered, but perhaps the only book of its kind. Useful, but not easy to skim--it requires a total and thorough reading even to get the jist of each woman's story.

Mernissi, Fatima. Beyond the Veil: Male/Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society. New York: Schenkman Publishing Company, 1975.

Perhaps Mernissi's most well-known book, Beyond the Veil looks into Islamic views of women, as well as the effects of modernization on those traditional views. She discusses female sexuality, the Islamic regulation of sexuality, and the pre-Islamic regulation of sexuality. Following this discussion, she continues to look into modernity and its effects on Islamic views of femininity, sexuality, and marriage. Finally, she concludes with a section describing the liberation of women in Islamic countries. A classic in this field, Beyond the Veil is indispensable--an excellent source.

Mernissi, Fatima. Women's Rebellion and Islamic Memory. London: Zed Books, 1996.

Mernissi's latest work, this book brings together a hodge-podge of ideas concerning the liberation of women in the Islamic world. As usual, she has included discussions of sexuality and femininity as defined in Islam, and as defined in cultural practice. She also addresses issues of child-bearing, rearing, and health care, as well as women's roles in the public spheres of government and the media. Mernissi also investigates women's presence in the work force, and continues with a discussion of the Islamic Memory (i.e. history) and points out women's absence from it. Finally, she includes a section on feminism and how feminist ideals can improve the presence of women as individuals in the umma. Like all of Mernissi's books, this work is an excellent source in my field.

Minai, Naila. Women in Islam: Tradition and Transition in the Middle East. New York: Seaview Press, 1981.

Minces Juliette. Veiled: Women in Islam. Watertown, MA: Bule Crane Books, 1994.

Moghadam M. Valentine. Modernizing Women. Boulder: Lynne Ricnner Publishers, 1993. Moghadam discusses the issues of education, econoomy, and marriage in reference to Iran specifically, but he also uses many different examples to make his theories and ideas into a more global perspective.

Moors, Annelies. Women, Property, and Islam: Palestinian Experiences, 1920-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

A recent source, this book outlines the formal Islamic prescriptions for female inheritance, dowry, and widowhood. A particularly interesting section looks into the forms of labor generally undertaken by Islamic women. Of the professions listed, Moors includes garment production and education--both of which are very interesting in light of my interests in clothing and education. Worth taking a serious look into as a background reference.

Murata, Sachiko. The Tao of Islam: A Sourcebook on Gender Relationships in Islamic Thought. New York: State University of New York Press, 1992.

Najmabadi, Afsaneh. Contesting Veils: Marking and Transgressing Identities in Muslim Communities.

Nelson, Cynthia. Doria Shafik, Egyptian Feminist: A Woman Apart. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996.

This is a biography of a female Egyptian poet, in order to reveal her social role as a feminist. While not necessarily directly applicable to the mainstream of my field, I felt that it would be interesting to look at. Difficult to summarize without reading, but my limited skimming leads me to believe that urban life in Cairo is dealt with immensely. A good, interesting source to know about.

O'Barr, Jean F., editor. Women and a New Academy: Gender and Cultural Contexts. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.

This book compiles an extensive list of female authors all of whom are suggesting methods as to how to make women's voices audible and women's lives visible within the Academy. A good, general source that could be theoretically used in application to my own academic work.

Qaradawi, Yusuf. The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam (Al-Halal Wal Haram Fil Islam). Arabic edition. Indianapolis: American Trust Publication, 1960.

Hard to find information on a wide range of topics (i.e. foods, clothing, games, sports, sexual behavior). All of this information is set into a comparison of Halal and Haram--a great source with specific behavioral prescriptions. Many sections are devoted to discussions of women's lives. Very useful in my studies.

Rahnema, Ali, editor. Pioneers of Islamic Revival. London: Zed Books, Ltd., 1994.

This compilation of biographical entries are completed by a wide range of scholars in contemporary Islamic studies. Authors of particular importance in this volume are Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and Nikki K. Keddie, both prominent scholars in the US in my particular area of interest. Of the "Pioneers" covered are Sayyid Jamal al-Din 'al-Afghani," Muhammad Abduh, Khomeini, Mawdudi, Hasan al-Banna, Sayyid Qutb, Musa al-Sadr, Ali Shariati, and Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr. This text provides a strong biographical background in particular figures' lives, illustrating their stances on particular issues; education and the roles of women are discussed at some length in Haddad's article on Muhammad Abduh.

Rauf, Muhammad Abdul. The Islamic View of Women and the Family. New York: Robert Speller, 1977.

Rauf's work (seemingly well known and frequently included in bibliographies) in this text looks into women's issues and women's roles in Islamic families. Chapters are included on the following subjects: marriage, sexuality, domestic roles, family, women's liberation, and UN reforms. Of particular interest are those passages concerning birth control, sex education, abortion, and premarital sex.

Rugh, Andrea B. Reveal and Conceal: Dress in Contemporary Egypt. Syrause: Syracuse University Press, 1986.

Illustrated, including regional and religious meanings.

Reeves, Minou. Female Warriors of Allah: Women and the Islamic Revolution. New York: Dutton, 1989.

Reuther, Rosemary Radford. New Woman, New Earth: Sexist Ideologies and Human Liberation. New York: Winston, Seabury, 1975.

Reuther, Rosemary Radford. Sexism and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology. Boston: Beacon Press, 1983.

Rosen, L. Bargaining for Reality: The Construction of Social Relations in a Muslim Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984.

al-Saadawi, Nawal. The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World. Translator: Sherif Hetata. Boston: Beacon Press, 1982.

al-Sayyid-Marot, Afaf Lutfi, editor. Society and the Sexes in Medieval Islam. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1979.

Smith, Jane I., editor. Women in Contemporary Muslim Societies. Lewisburg PA: Bucknell University Press, 1980.

Smith, Margaret. Rabia the Mystic and her Fellow Saints in Islam. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1928.(w/New Introduction by Annemarie Schimmel, 1984.

Stowasser, Barbara Freyer. Women in the Qur'an: Traditions and Interpretation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Tekeli, Sirin. Women in Modern Turkish Society: A Reader. London: Atlantic Heights, NJ: Zed Books, 1995.

I couldn't get my hands on this collection, but from the abstracts I've read, it seems to contain several articles of interest in this profile. This is one of the few works of scholarship which addresses Islamic clothing as fashion rather than as religious observance. Other articles are included as well in reference to Turkey, covering the following subjects: Women's Labor, Women and Education, Women in the Media, Gender Roles, Sexual Problems, Women in Politics, and many others. Seems like a great, (and recent!!) source.

Tucker, E. Judith. Arab Women. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.

Tucker talks in depth about the differences between the ideas of fundamentalist and modernists toward education. She also discusses the traditional roles of men and women in marriage, and looks at how the roles are beginning to change.

Utas, Bo, editor. Women in Islamic Societies: Social Attitudes and Historical Perspectives. London: Curzon Press, 1983.

The articles that appear in this work are the products of a Copenhagn conference on Women in Islam that was held in 1979. The authors involved have addressed women's issues in a large expanse of Islamic cultures. Some of the regions/nations represented are: Albania, West Africa, Malaysia, India, Palestine, Algeria, and Turkey. An interesting chapter on women mystics is also included here. A good, though rather old source which brings field work and textual work into a meaningful combination.

Waddy, Charis. Women in Muslim History. London: 1980.

Wadud-Muhsin, Amina. Qur'an and Woman. Kuala Lumpur: Perebit Fajar Bakt, Sdn. Bhd., 1992.

Walther, Wiebke. Women in Islam. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishing, 1981. 2nd edition, 1993.

Judging from the title, preface, and table of contents of this book, Walther gives a very broad overview of women's roles in Islamic history, culture, family, and society. While surely interesting, I suspect it would only be of value for background information. On a more interesting note, many plates of early Arabic art depicting women and their roles are included, which gives a multi-media approach to Walther's scholarship.

Wieringa, Saskia, editor. Subversive Women: Historical Experiences of Gender and Resistance. London: Zed Books, Ltd, 1995.

This collection of authors (a relatively diverse cross-section of ethnicities) attempts to trace the histories of several feminist movements in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Carribean. While much attention is paid to areas outside of my profile field (i.e. Jamaica, Peru, Trinidad), there are a number of articles set within Islamic contexts in Africa. For example, one article discusses poetry in Somalia as resistance to colonialism, and two articles focus on the historical situations of women in The Sudan. Two other articles of interest look into modern theatre as a movement of women's liberation and Matrilinearity as a means of establishing respectful status for women. A general introductions discusses overarching theories of global women's movements. This source, while perhaps not relating directly to my areas of study, still puts feminist thought into a non-Western context--a rare find.

Wolf, Diane L., editor. Feminist Dilemmas in Fieldwork. Boulder: Westview Press, 1996.

A recently published source, this compilation brings together a diverse bunch of ideas concerning feminist issues encountered in academic fieldwork. One article in particular discusses gender systems in Turkey, which I feel could relate to my experiences in Morocco. Other articles look into ethics, identity, power and politics in reference to experiences one might have in engaged field studies. An interesting source for me, as ethnography will hopefully be an important component in my academic endeavors.

Young, Iris Marion. Intersecting Voices: Dilemmas of Gender, Political Philosophy, and Policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997.

A very recent source, Young looks into current American society and investigates issues of gender within popular culture, politics, and society. She tackles various themes, including family values (straight out of the Republican campaign of the late 80's-early 90's--Young even uses the example of Murphy Brown!), poverty (she includes a chapter on pregnant addicts), and citizenship. These issues may be pertinent, by extension, to my studies of religion, but they are more applicable to women's issues in the West. Certainly useful because I wish to mesh a diverse pool of ideologies, and Young's writing is conducive to such synthesis.

Zeni-Ziegler, Wedad. In Search of Shadows: Conversations with Egyptian Women. London: Zed Books, 1988.

Zeni-Ziegler's book looks into the lives of women living in both urban and rural areas of Egypt. She discusses Muslim women's legal status in society, as well as sexuality, fashion, and education. An interesting array of tables documents the rates of polygamy relative to male education, profession, and income. A native of Cairo, this work ties together the personal experiences of the author with a diverse cross-section of Egyptian women. A good source, and certainly relevent to my area of interest.

Zuhur, Sherifa. Revealing Reveiling: Islamist Gender Ideology in Contemporary Egypt. New York: State University of New York Press, 1992.

This is one of the leading sources on new movements in Cairo to bring back Islamic dress in order to re-establish and strengthen Muslim women's identities. Zuhur discusses the stereotypes placed by external forces onto Muslim women and attempts to break those down. An indispensable source. Includes interviews, fieldwork, and personal experience with Egyptian women.