1. Introduction
   1. What Controls Cell Cycles and Processes
   2. Mitosis and Meiosis: Functions; see Figures and text on pages 206-207.

2. The Nucleus and Chromosomes
   1. Determination of Heritable Center
   2. Parental Sperm and Egg: Fertilization
   3. Structure of Chromosomes
      1. Prokaryotes
         1. Circular
         2. Attachment
         3. Mitotic Division for Reproduction
      2. Eukaryotes: Attention...read ahead! Know Figs. 19.1 page 345.
         1. DNA (nucleotide sequence) and Histone Proteins
         2. Chromosome #
         3. Genes and Gene Expression
         4. Sister Chromatids vs. Homologous Chromosomes
         5. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
         6. Species distinctions
         7. Interphase

3. The Cell Cycle
   1. Mitosis and The Production of Identical Chromosomes
   2. Prokaryotic Division: Fig. 12.10 on page 215.
   3. Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes
      1. Interphase: Figs. 12.4 on page 209.
         1. G₁ Phase
         2. S Phase
         3. G₂ Phase
         4. Mitotic Inducers: Figs. 12.13, 12.14 and 12.15.
            1. Internal factors: Cdk’s and Cyclins
            2. External Growth Factors and Receptor Specificity
      2. Mitosis: Spindle Apparatus, Centrosomes, Kinetochore, Microtubules, Nuclear Envelope, vesicles, and Nuclear Lamina
         1. Prophase and Prometaphase
         2. Metaphase
         3. Anaphase
         4. Telophase
      3. Cytokinesis: See figure in text.
         1. Animal Cells: Microfilaments (Actin and Myosin)
         2. Plant Cells: Vesicles
   4. Regulation of Cell Cycle
      1. Rate Variable: Fast, slow, Not at all
      2. Mechanisms: External Factors vs. Internal Factors
      3. Apoptosis and Necrosis
   5. Cancer

4. Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms
   1. The Sex Cycle
   2. Asexual Reproduction
   3. Sexual Reproduction
      1. Formation of Sperm and Egg
      2. Fertilization (Syngamy)
      3. Somatic vs. Germ Cells
      4. Meiosis
         1. Reduction Division...Important?
         2. Variation
         3. Homologous Pairs and Ploidy
         4. Haploid vs. Diploid Cells

5. Meiosis: Reduction Division
   1. Two Divisions
   2. Replication of DNA: Two Sister Chromatids (Note: Only in Interphase 1)
   3. Independent Alignment of Homologous Chromosomes (Metaphase 1)
   4. Separation of Homologous Chromosomes (Anaphase 1)
   5. Meiosis 2: Separation of Sister Chromatids
   6. Crossing Over (Chiasma) and Production of Gametes
   7. Random Alignment and Crossing Over = Variation
   8. Recombination of Gametes = More variation
   9. Meiotic Errors
      1. Nondisjunction
      2. Aneuploidy and Polyploids