Class web page: www.colorado.edu/IBS/PP/menken
-click on SOCY 3012 - Women, Development and Fertility
-click on Course
Syllabus
within
the syllabus are links to some readings, resources
This Week’s Readings
Handout - has faststats on teenbirths and
contraceptive use
-look at links for more info has Demographic and Health Survey Charts
Mauldin, Parker, Ross: Family Planning Programs
(jstor, library feb8 & feb29)
understand how countries differ in family planning programs, how family
planning
programs affect fertility
Menken, Rahman: "Understanding Fertility"
(class web site: click on Feb 3, will be in library)
short reading that has good overview of her recent lectures
Additional Readings:
*Menken: Age and Fertility: How Late Can You Wait?
(library, jstor, web page syllabus will take you to jstor)
Menken, Trussell, and Watkins: The Nutrition-Fertility Link
(will be in the library under Feb. 8th)
Male Contraception
Male Only Methods: Condom, Withdrawl, Sterilization
Information on the Web: Websearch
Male Contraception Information Project
http://www.gumption.org/mcip/
Non-hormonal Male Contraception
Vas-based Methods
No-scalpel Vasectomy
Percutaneous Injection
Permanent Chemical Injection
Injectable Plugs
SMA - (temporary) injection
"Shug" - non-injectable silicone plug
Heat Methods
Wet Heat
Insulated Underwear
Ultrasound (10min = 6 months)
Planned Parenthood Women's Center
http://birch.palni.edu/~planned/links/male_con.htm
Hormonal
Testosterone Injections
Pill - testosterone and
progestin
Contraceptive Failure Rates continued
Condom
typical
perfect
Male - 14
3
Female - 21
5
Sterilization
Male - 0.15
0.10
Female - 0.5
0.5
Combination of methods more effective than using one
Emergency Contraception
Reduces Risk of Pregnancy by at least 75%
if initiated within 72 hours
Lactation Amenorrhea (Breastfeeding)
Highly effective
until:
menstruation resumes
frequency or duration of breastfeeding reduced
bottle feeds introduced
or baby reaches age 6 months
Long-term Probability of Avoiding Pregnancy
Age 30-45: 15 consecutive years
Even with contraception with .001 monthly failure rate
38% chance of avoiding pregnancy
for 15 yrs
62% chance of having an
unintended pregnancy
With the Pill - 5% failure rate per year
46% chance of avoiding pregnancy
for 15 yrs
Over half have one unintended
pregnancy
Effects of Proximate Determinants of Fertility on TF’s
1970 - Bongaarts Indices
Ci - Postpartum infecundity: when the average postpartum period
is taken into account, the remaining
proportion of potential
fertility (TF).
CC - Contraception: after the effects of postpartum infecundity
are adjusted for, the remaining proportion
of the potential fertility after
contraceptive use is considered.
Cm - Marriage: proportion of TF after the first factors are taken
into consideration remaining when the
particular marriage or sexual
union pattern is considered.
Developing Countries - Fertility Potential (TF) reduced primarily
by breast feeding, long postpartum periods.
Contraceptive use had little impact.
Europe - Fertility reduced by late marriage and high levels of non-marriage.
Developed Countries - Marriage index on average far lower than
developing countries. By 1970, fertility in all
developed countries was reduced
by contraceptive use to no more than 30% of its potential.
1998 - Stover’s indices
Sexual Activity (women)
Infecundity (sexually active women)
Contraceptive Use (actual use by non-postpartum amenorrhea women believed
to be fecund)
Latin America: Two main factors producing lower fertility are:
-low participation in sexual
activity
-high contraceptive use
Africa:
-Higher participation in
sexual activity and low contraceptive use.
-Postpartum infecundity
reduces fertility by 40%
-Larger effect of infecundity
(up to 20% in Niger).
Films
Day of Six Billion: A Global Youth Perspective
Population Transition in Italy
Fertility - how much of a choice is it?
-Social influences on desired family size
-Economic influences on fertility
-The influence of women’s status on fertility
-Differences between factors in developed &
developing countries