Question for Discussion: What caused the 2008 Financial Meltdown and how does the Bank bailout affect America's Future?

Reading:The Corporate Scandal Sheet 2002; Uncle Sam, the Enabler: How the Investment Banks screwed the Government and Taxpayers; What went Wrong?: from The Warning DVD;The Bet That Blew Up Wall Street - 60 Minutes; Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009); 5 Ways the Government used our Money to Save Big Banks and Screw Us

Video: Credit Default Swaps: Fall 2009 60 minutes stories;
DVD: Frontline: The Warning: Fall 2009; DVD: Inside the Financial Meltdown

Market Collapse of 2001-2003?

• Crony Capitalism in the USA:the 2002 Tech-Bubble Market Crash (in-class)
  
  
• Krugman: Crony Capitalism, USA (in-class)
  
  
• Shaken Markets: The Tech Bubble Burst: The Cost of the Collapse(in-class)
  
  
• The Global Cost of Crony Capitalism
  
  
• Crony Capitalism Revisited
  
  
• The Corporate Scandal Sheet (in-class)
  
  
• Worldcom's Crimes (in-class)
  
  
• No Bigger Fish than MCI (in-class)
  
  
• Worldcom's Financial Bomb: The Big Lie (in-class)
  
  
• Worldcom: The Surprising Face of Corporate Evil
  (in-class)
  
  
• Ebbers gets 25 years for Worldcom Fraud
  
  
• The Enron Scandal
  
  
• The Enron Affair (in-class)
  
  
• Tech Bubble: Who Benefitted?
  
  
• Shaken Markets: The Tech Bubble Burst (in-class)
  
  
• Beating the Streets: Accounting Scandal Tricks
  to boost a Company's bottom line. (in-class)
  

What Caused the 2008 Financial Collapse?

• FIRE (Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate) sector
  
  
• Moral Hazard after LTCM bailout
  
  
• The Greenspan Put
  
  
• The Excitement of making lots of money and profits
  drove the system
  
  
• The More Money they could make, the more they were
  willing to take huge risks
  
  
• The FIRE sector took these risks because they knew they
  couldn't lose. If they lost their investment, the Federal
  govenment would bail them out
  
  
• Today the U.S. government is guaranteeing their new loans
  to the tune of Trillions of dollars and guaranteeing their bad
  loans to the tune of trillions of dollars
  
  
• Was all this a "Quiet Coup," as Simon Johnson argues?
  
  
• Not really, they all believe that what is good for the FIRE sector
  is good for the entire economy. This is their larger mistake.
  
  
• The people regulating Wall Street are the same Wall Street
  players they are now regulating. This is the revolving door.
  
  
• They thought that what was good for the FIRE sector was good
  for the American economy and society. They believed that
  they were the "center of the universe."
  
  
• Simon Johnson, The Quiet Coup
  
  
• Bailout Recipients spent Millions on Lobbying
  
  
• "The banks lobbied Washinton so they write the rules that got us into this crisis. They then lobbied Washington to get the money to bail them out. And now they are lobbying Washington to write the rules so they get us into the
  next crisis. It's perfect circularity. I look at it as more a question than an
  answer: Who owns this process?"
  
  Elizabeth Warren, TARP Congressional Watchdog
  
  
• Robinson, Mad as Hell Tea-Time (2009)
  
  
• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009)
  
  
• Prins, Real Costs of the Bailout
  
  
• The Costs of the Bailout
  
  
• Banking Collapse of 2008 : Three weeks that changed the world ...
  
  
• Newsweek: New Market Bubble is Brewing
  
  
• CIT bankruptcy: 5th largest in U.S.
  
  
• GoldmanSach 's lesson: House always wins
  

Debating the Financial Bailout

• What went Wrong?
  
  
• Dorgan, Reckless Part One
  
  
• Banking Collapse of 2008 : Three weeks that changed the world ...
  
  
• You Tube: Falling Dominoes -- model of collapse of
  interconnected global financial system
  
  
• The dominoes fall: a timeline of the squeeze and crash
  
  
• Uncle Sam, the Enabler: How the Investment
  Banks screwed the Government and Taxpayers
  
  
• Greenspan and the Wisdom of Markets
  
  
• Graph of Bailout Costs versus the New Deal
  
  
• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009)
  
  
• Prins, Real Costs of the Bailout
  
  
• Prins, The Beneficiaries of the Bailout
  
  
• Prins, Its Takes a Pillage
  
  
• 5 Ways the Government used our Money to Save
  Big Banks and Screw Us
  
  
• Krugman, "The Madoff Economy"
  
  
• The Bet That Blew Up Wall Street - 60 Minutes - CBS News
  
  
• Ziuek, "To Each According to His Greed";
  
  
• Total Financial Losses in the 2008 Financial Collapse
  
  
• Spitzer, "The Real AIG Scandal"
  
  
• Bailout Recipients spent Millions on Lobbying
  
  
• Reich, "Why Wall Sreet Reform is Stuck in Reverse"
  
  
• Spitzer, "The Regulatory Charade"
  
  
• Does the Financial Collapse prove that our Financial System
  isn't Working?
  
  
• Korten, The Edmunds Fallacy
  
  
• What does Korten Mean by Phantom Wealth?
  
  
• Credit Default Swaps: The Next Crisis? - TIME
  
  
• How Credit Default Swaps Became a Timebomb | Newsweek Business
  
  
• Wall Street Markets vs. Main Street Markets
  
  
• Why is the Federal Government bailing out Wall Street
  instead of Main Street?
  
  

Are we in a Depression?

• Posner, "We are in a Depression"
  
  
• The $10 Trillion Hangover - Paying the Price for Eight Years of Bush
  
  
• Bush's 10 Trillion Borrowing Binge
  
  
• Banking Collapse of 2008 : Three weeks that changed the world ...
  
  
• Gross, "Dumb Money"
  
  
• Government bailouts of the Financial Markets 1982-2008
  
  
• The Problem is that the Federal Government has
  bailed out Wall Street because it is that Finance
  is at the center of a healthy economy
  
  
• The FIRE sector of Wall Street is doing really well
  but the real economy of Main Street is hurting. By 2008,
  Finance was 31 percent of the wealth created every year
  in our GDP
  
  
• Money creating money on Wall Street through the inflation
  of asset bubbles (stocks, housing, bonds, securities, or
  derivatives) does not help the real economy of Main Street
  
  
• The real economy of Main Street involves companies hiring
  workers, producing goods and services, and creating wealth
  for real communities. If Main Street doesn't work, then our
  economy doesn't work.
  
  
• Is it possible that we owe our foreign creditors so much
  money, and depend on their continuing to loan money to
  us, that we can't break up the Banks and reform the financial
  system without really hurting our Arab, Chinese, and Japanese
  creditors? If so, then Friedman is right: The Electronic Herd
  is really calling the shots. This would represent the end of
  any pretense at democracy in the United States. Friedman would
  we right that our politics is just Pepsi or Coke with no other
  alternative choices. This is what Friedman means by TINA:
  There is No Alternative.
  
  
• Korten, Wall Street Markets vs. Main Street Markets
  
  
• Bailout Recipients spent Millions on Lobbying
  
  
• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009)
  
  
• Banks screwed the Government and Taxpayers
  
  
• Uncle Sam, the Enabler: How Wall Street
  screwed Main Street: A Memo from the top
  
  
• Greenspan and the Wisdom of Markets
  
  
• Total Bailout Cost : $8 Trillion
  
  
• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009)
  
  
• TPMDC | Talking Points Memo | The Influence Your Money Can Buy ...
  
  
• G20 finance ministers agree to maintain fiscal support‎
  
  
• Hertz, "The Death of Gucci Capitalism"
  
  
• Naomi Klein: Wall St . Crisis Should Be for Neoliberalism
  What Fall of Berlin Wall was for Communism
  
  
• Baker, "Barack Hoover Obama"
  
  
• Obama's Huge Deficit Flipflop
  
  
• Dowd, "Virtuous Banks, Really"
  
  
• Stiglitz, "How to Prevent the Next Wall Street Crisis"
  
  
• Schwenninger, "Democratizing Capital"
  
  
• Hirsh: Why We Should Break Up the Big Banks | Newsweek Voices
  
  
• Robert Reich: Breaking Up the Big Banks, and Why Congress Won't Do It
  
  
• Leonard, The Break Up the Banks Delusion
  
  
• Leonard, Boom and Gloom
  
  
• Johnson, "Fix the Economy"
  
  
• Boone and Johnson, "The Next Financial Crisis"
  
  
• Lewis, The End of the Financial World as We Know It
  
  
• Lewis, How to Fix a Broken System
  
  
• RGE - New recommendations to solve our financial crisis (pdf)
  
  
• RGE - New recommendations to solve our financial crisis (html)
  
  
• Korten is right. We have the power and chance to reform this
  Money monster that Wall Street has become. The danger is that
  we won't be able to do it because of the influence of Big Money
  in Politics
  
  
• Korten,"12 Point New Economy Agenda"
  
  
• Reich, "Why Wall Sreet Reform is Stuck in Reverse"
  
  
• Korten: Summary of Political and Economic Reforms
  
  

Should we bailout Wall Street and the FIRE sector?

• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009)
  
  
• AIG bailout Monies
  
  
• Spitzer, "The Real AIG Scandal"
  
  
• Bailout Recipients spent Millions on Lobbying
  
  
• All That Money You Lost - Where Did It Go? - CBS News
  
  
• Gross, If the economy's stagnant, why are stocks up ?
  
  
• Fernholz, The Myth of too Big to Fail
  
  
• Ritholtz, Bailout Nation: "The obvious solution--put the insolvent
  banks into FDIC receivership, fire management, liquidate holdings,
  sell the assets off, wipe out shareholders, and pay the bondholders whatever was left over--was simply unthinkable" (p. 221)
  
  
• This is what the Resolution Trust Corporation did with insolvent
  S & L's in the late 1980s and early 1990s. They then sold the reconstituted S & L's to new investors. This was not an option for Paulson, though.
  
  
• Bankers went to Jail in the S & L crisis
  
  
• Sanders: Break up "too big to fail"
  
  
• Under Attack, Fed Chief Studies Politics
  
  
• G20 finance ministers agree to maintain fiscal support‎
  
  
• Business Aims to Relax Bans on Products Made
  with Child & Slave Labor
  
  
• Posner, "We are in a Depression"
  
  
• Johnson, Who Caused the Economic Crisis"
  
  
• Johnson, "Fix the Economy"
  
  
• Boone and Johnson, "The Next Financial Crisis"
  
  
• Total Bailout Cost : $8 Trillion

The Decline of the American Middle Class

• New American Contract
  
  
• The State of the Middle Class
  
  
• How to Save the Middle Class from Extinction
  
  
• Bartels, Growing inequality in the U.S.
  
  
• Top .01 percent's Wealth since 1945
  
  
• Herbert, "Safety Nets for the Rich
  
  
• Brooks, "We Need a Bailout Too"
  
  
• Korten, Wall Street Markets vs. Main Street Markets
  
  
• LInd, "That Sound your Hear is the Social Fabric about to Snap"
  
  
• What Else could our Bailout Buy

What caused the Financial Collapse?

• Total Financial Losses in the 2008 Financial Collapse
  
  
• Government bailouts of the Financial Markets 1982-2008
  
  
• 5 Ways the Government used our Money to Save Big Banks and Screw Us
  
  
• Krugman, "The Madoff Economy"
  
  
• The Bet That Blew Up Wall Street - 60 Minutes - CBS News
  
  
• Uncle Sam, the Enabler: How the Investment
  Banks screwed the Government and Taxpayers
  
  
• Greenspan and the Wisdom of Markets
  
  
• Ziuek, "To Each According to His Greed";
  
  
• Total Financial Losses in the 2008 Financial Collapse
  
  
• Spitzer, "The Real AIG Scanda
  
  
• Bailout Recipients spent Millions on Lobbying
  
  
• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009)
  
  
• Timeline of the Economic Collapse
  
  
• JPMorgan to buy Bear for $2 a share -- Signs of the Times News
  
  
• Biggest Mistake of the Financial Crisis: Lehman Bros. Bankruptcy ...
  
  
• Credit Default Swaps: The Next Crisis? - TIME
  
  
• How Credit Default Swaps Became a Timebomb | Newsweek Business
  
  
  
  

The Great Depression and the Financial Collapse of 2008

• We can compare the Great Depression and the Financial Collapse of 2008 in terms of different responses to an economic crisis
  
  
• In 1933, Roosevelt focused on supporting workers, farmers, home-owners, and small business
  
  
• In 2008 and 2009, Presidents Bush and Obama focused on bailing on the Financial system and the big Banks
  
  
• Roosevelt would argue that American freedom also depends on economic security
  
  
• Roosevelt, "The Power of a Few": Threats to American Freedom
  
  
• Moyers, "Moyers and FDR: FDR was his Friend" (in-class)
  
  
• Vanden Heuvel and Schlosser, "America Needs a New New Deal" (in-class)
  
  
• Chris Lewis, What about a Green New Deal? (in-class)
  
  
• Can Americans be free in 2010 without economic security?
  
  
• What is the responsibility of the government to support economic security?
  
  
• Roosevelt and Bush and Obama have very different answers.
  
  
• Does American Freedom still depend on economic security?
  
  
• Can America still be a middle-class society without economic security?
  
  

Market Collapse of 2001-2003: Prelude to the 2008 Financial
Collapse

• Crony Capitalism in the USA: the 2002 Tech-Bubble Market Crash
  
  
• Krugman: Crony Capitalism, USA (in-class)
  
  
• Shaken Markets: The Tech Bubble Burst: The cost of the Collapse (in-class)
  
  
• The Global Cost of Crony Capitalism
  
  
• Crony Capitalism Revisited
  
  
• The Corporate Scandal Sheet (in-class)
  
  
• Worldcom's Crimes (in-class)
  
  
• No Bigger Fish than MCI (in-class)
  
  
• Worldcom's Financial Bomb: The Big Lie (in-class)
  
  
• Worldcom: The Surprising Face of Corporate Evil (in-class)
  
  
• Ebbers gets 25 years for Worldcom Fraud
  
  
• The Enron Scandal
  
  
• The Enron Affair (in-class)
  
  
• Tech Bubble: Who Benefitted?
  
  
• Beating the Streets: Accounting Scandal Tricks
  to boost a Company's bottom line. (in-class)
  
  

What Caused the 2008 Financial Collapse?

• Government bailouts of the Financial Markets1982-2008 (in-class)
  
  
• Bailout Recipients spent Millions on Lobbying (in-class)
  
  
• "The banks lobbied Washinton so they write the rules that got us into this crisis. They then lobbied Washington to get the money to bail them out. And now they are lobbying Washington to write the rules so they get us into the next crisis. It's perfect circularity. I look at it as more a question than an answer: Who owns this process?"
  
  Elizabeth Warren, TARP Congressional Watchdog
  
  
• Total Financial Losses in the 2008 Financial Collapse, page 2 (in-class)
  
  
• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009) (in-class)
  
  
• Prins, Real Costs of the Bailout (in-class)
  
  
• Graph of Bailout Costs versus the New Deal (in-class)
  
  
• U.S. National Debt and the Presidents Responsible for it (in-class)
  
  
• National Debt as Percentage of GDP (in-class)
  
  
• Uncle Sam, the Enabler: How the Investment Banks screwed the Government and Taxpayers (in-class)
  
  
• The Bet That Blew Up Wall Street - 60 Minutes (in-class)
  
  
• What went Wrong?: from The Warning DVD (in-class)
  
  
• Who's Behind the Financial Meltdown
  
  
• Dorgan, Reckless Part One
  
  
• 5 Ways the Government used our Money to Save Big Banks and Screw Us
  (in-class)
  
  
• Krugman, "The Madoff Economy" (in-class)
  
  
• Greenspan and the Wisdom of Markets
  
  
• Korten, The Edmunds Fallacy (in-class)
  
  
• What does Korten Mean by Phantom Wealth?
  

The Events Leading to the 2008 Financial Collapse

• Banking Collapse of 2008 : Three weeks that changed the world ...
  
  
• Timeline of the Economic Collapse
  
  
• JPMorgan to buy Bear for $2 a share -- Signs of the Times News
  
  
• Biggest Mistake of the Financial Crisis: Lehman Bros. Bankruptcy ..
  
  
• Government bails out AIG with $85 billion loan
  
  
• AIG bailout Monies
  
  
• The Bet That Blew Up Wall Street - 60 Minutes - CBS News
  
  
• Credit Default Swaps: The Next Crisis? - TIME
  
  
• How Credit Default Swaps Became a Timebomb | Newsweek Business
  
  
• FIRE (Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate) sector
  
  
• Moral Hazard after LTCM bailout
  
  
• Government bailouts of the Financial Markets 1982-2008 (in-class)
  
  
• The Greenspan Put
  
  
• The Excitement of making lots of money and profits drove the system
  
  
• The More Money they could make, the more they were willing to take huge risks
  
  
• The FIRE sector took these risks because they knew they
  couldn't lose. If they lost their investment, the Federal
  govenment would bail them out
  
  
• Today the U.S. government is guaranteeing their new loans
  to the tune of Trillions of dollars and guaranteeing their bad
  loans to the tune of trillions of dollars
  
  
• Was all this a "Quiet Coup," as Simon Johnson argues?
  
  
• Not really, they all believe that what is good for the FIRE sector
  is good for the entire economy. This is their larger mistake.
  
  
• The people regulating Wall Street are the same Wall Street
  players they are now regulating. This is the revolving door.
  
  
• They thought that what was good for the FIRE sector was good
  for the American economy and society. They believed that
  they were the "center of the universe."
  
  
• You Tube: Falling Dominoes -- model of collapse of
  interconnected global financial system
  
  
• The dominoes fall: a timeline of the squeeze and crash
  
  
• Spitzer, "The Regulatory Charade" (in-class)
  
  
• Does the Financial Collapse prove that our Financial System isn't Working?
  
  
• Simon Johnson, The Quiet Coup (in-class)
  
  
• Bailout Recipients spent Millions on Lobbying (in-class)
  
  
• "The banks lobbied Washinton so they write the rules that got us into this crisis. They then lobbied Washington to get the money to bail them out. And now they are lobbying Washington to write the rules so they get us into the
  next crisis. It's perfect circularity. I look at it as more a question than an
  answer: Who owns this process?"
  
  Elizabeth Warren, TARP Congressional Watchdog
  
  
• Robinson, Mad as Hell Tea-Time (2009) (in-class)
  
  
• Banking Collapse of 2008 : Three weeks that changed the world ...
  
  
• Newsweek: New Market Bubble is Brewing (in-class)
  
  
• CIT bankruptcy: 5th largest in U.S.
  
  
• GoldmanSach 's lesson: House always wins
  
  

Are we in a Depression?

• Posner, "We are in a Depression" (in-class)
  
  
• The $10 Trillion Hangover - Paying the Price for Eight Years of Bush
  
  
• Bush's 10 Trillion Borrowing Binge
  
  
• Banking Collapse of 2008 : Three weeks that changed the world ...
  
  
• Gross, "Dumb Money"
  
  
• Government bailouts of the Financial Markets 1982-2008
  
  
• The Problem is that the Federal Government has bailed out Wall Street because it thinks that Finance (the FIRE sector)is at the center of a healthy economy (in-class)
  
  
• The FIRE sector of Wall Street is doing really well
  but the real economy of Main Street is hurting. By 2008,
  Finance was 31 percent of the wealth created every year
  in our GDP
  
  
• Money creating money on Wall Street through the inflation
  of asset bubbles (stocks, housing, bonds, securities, or
  derivatives) does not help the real economy of Main Street
  
  
• The real economy of Main Street involves companies hiring
  workers, producing goods and services, and creating wealth
  for real communities. If Main Street doesn't work, then our
  economy doesn't work.
  
  
• Is it possible that we owe our foreign creditors so much
  money, and depend on their continuing to loan money to
  us, that we can't break up the Banks and reform the financial
  system without really hurting our Arab, Chinese, and Japanese
  creditors? If so, then Friedman is right: The Electronic Herd
  is really calling the shots. This would represent the end of
  any pretense at democracy in the United States. Friedman would
  we right that our politics is just Pepsi or Coke with no other
  alternative choices. This is what Friedman means by TINA:
  There is No Alternative.
  
  
• Korten, Wall Street Markets vs. Main Street Markets
  
  
• Why is the Federal Government bailing out Wall Street
  instead of Main Street?
  
  

Should we bailout Wall Street and the FIRE sector?

• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009)
  
  
• AIG bailout Monies
  
  
• All That Money You Lost - Where Did It Go? - CBS News
  
  
• Gross, If the economy's stagnant, why are stocks up ?
  
  
• Fernholz, The Myth of too Big to Fail
  
  
• Ritholtz, Bailout Nation: "The obvious solution--put the insolvent
  banks into FDIC receivership, fire management, liquidate holdings,
  sell the assets off, wipe out shareholders, and pay the bondholders whatever was left over--was simply unthinkable" (p. 221)
  
  
• This is what the Resolution Trust Corporation did with insolvent
  S & L's in the late 1980s and early 1990s. They then sold the reconstituted S & L's to new investors. This was not an option for Paulson, though.
  
  
• Bankers went to Jail in the S & L crisis (in-class)
  
  
• Sanders: Break up "too big to fail"
  
  
• Under Attack, Fed Chief Studies Politics
  
  
• G20 finance ministers agree to maintain fiscal support‎ (in-class)
  
  
• Business Aims to Relax Bans on Products Made with Child & Slave Labor
  
  
• Posner, "We are in a Depression"
  
  
• Johnson, Who Caused the Economic Crisis"
  
  
• Johnson, "Fix the Economy"
  
  
• Boone and Johnson, "The Next Financial Crisis"
  
  
• Watchdog Sees Huge Bill for Banks Bailout (Oct. 2009) (in-class)

Bailing out the Plutonomy

1. Citigroup 2006: America - A Modern Day Plutonomy (in-class)
   
   
2. Frank, "Plutonomics" (in-class)
   
   
3. Plutonomy, Part 1: 2006 Citigroup Report:
   
   
4. Plutonomy, Part 2 -- The Rich getting Richer: 2006 Citigroup Report:
   
   
5. Kevin Phillips,"Graph of Growing Economic Inequality" (in-class)
   
   

Should we bailout the Middle Class and Main Street?

• Moyers, "Moyers and FDR: FDR was his Friend" (in-class)
  
  
• Vanden Heuvel and Schlosser, "America Needs a New New Deal" (in-class)
  
  
• Chris Lewis, What about a Green New Deal? (in-class)
  
  
• Andersen, Ending Plutocracy: A 12 Step Program
  
  
• Korten,"12 Point New Economy Agenda"
  
  
• What Else could our Bailout Buy
  
  
• New American Contract
  
  
• The State of the Middle Class
  
  
• How to Save the Middle Class from Extinction
  
  
• Bartels, Growing inequality in the U.S.
  
  
• Top .01 percent's Wealth since 1945
  
  
• Herbert, "Safety Nets for the Rich

How can we fix the Financial System?

• How might the current financial crisis shape financial sector
  (html version with graphs)
  
  
• How might the current financial crisis shape financial sector
  (pdf version)
  
  
• U.S. Military Spending- 1946-1996
  
  
• U.S. Military Spending, 1946-2008 (in-class)
  
  
• In Context: US Military Spending Versus Rest of the World (in-class)
  
  
• Reich, "Why Wall Sreet Reform is Stuck in Reverse"
  
  
• Naomi Klein: Wall St . Crisis Should Be for Neoliberalism
  What Fall of Berlin Wall was for Communism
  
  
• Alperovitz, Taking the Offensive on Wealth
  
  
• Stiglitz, "How to Prevent the Next Wall Street Crisis"
  
  
• Schwenninger, "Democratizing Capital"
  
  
• Vanden Heuvel and Schlosser, "America Needs a New New Deal"
  
  
• Chris Lewis, What about a Green New Deal?
  
  
• Andersen, Ending Plutocracy: A 12 Step Program
  
  
• Korten,"12 Point New Economy Agenda"
  
  
• What Else could our Bailout Buy
  
  
• Economists for an Imaginary World
  
  
• Gross, "Dumb Money"

 

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Sewall Academic Program; University of Colorado at Boulder
Created 1 June 2000:  Last Modified: 8 October, 2010
E-mail: cclewis@spot.colorado.edu
URL:    http://www.colorado.edu/AmStudies/lewis/issues/index.htm

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